Chemistry 版 (精华区)
发信人: loafer (习惯决定命运), 信区: Chemistry
标 题: Carbon Nanotubes Store Hydrogen in Step
发信站: BBS 哈工大紫丁香站 (Fri Feb 17 11:18:49 2006)
Carbon Nanotubes Store Hydrogen in Step
发信站: 日月光华 (2006年02月17日11:03:11 星期五), 站内信件
Carbon Nanotubes Store Hydrogen in Step Toward Hydrogen Vehicles
Nanotechnology : February 16, 2006 Newsletter
Imagine this: your fuel gauge is hovering near empty. You stop by the
nearest store, turn in your empty hydrogen cartridge, buy a full one and
pop it into your car. Presto, you’re on your hydrogen-powered way again,
emitting just the faintest traces of water out the tailpipe.
Researchers at SSRL and Stanford have taken a step closer to this
futuristic vision by adding hydrogen to tiny cylinders made entirely out of
carbon. Carbon nanotubes, 50,000 times narrower than a human hair, have
excited the imaginations of scientists hoping to make nano-electronics.
Recent experiments at SSRL and the Advanced Light Source in Berkeley have
shown that the tubes are also a promising material for storing hydrogen
safely, efficiently and compactly.
The basic idea is this: use electricity to split water into hydrogen (and
oxygen) atoms, put the hydrogen into a fuel cell, which strips the electron
from the hydrogen atom and forces it across a membrane, generating an
electrical current which can power your car. The hydrogen ions are reunited
with oxygen, making a watery exhaust.
In their attempt to store hydrogen, the researchers bombarded a film of
carbon nanotubes with a hydrogen beam. Then they studied the film with
different x-ray spectroscopy techniques to see if any hydrogen atoms had
formed chemical bonds with the carbon. To their delight, they found that
about 65 percent of the carbon atoms had bonded to hydrogen atoms.
“It was a surprise that we could get so many carbon-hydrogen bonds. It
gives us hope it can be used as a material for storing hydrogen,” said
Anders Nilsson (Materials Research).
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are essentially a one-atom-thick layer of
carbon rolled into a tube. All the carbon atoms are on the surface,
allowing easy access for bonding. The carbon atoms have double bonds with
each other. The incoming hydrogens break the double bonds, allowing a
hydrogen to attach to a carbon while the carbon atoms renew their grip on
each other with single bonds. The carbon nanotubes offer safe storage
because the hydrogen atoms are bonded to other atoms, rather than freely
floating as a potentially explosive gas.
The researchers estimated thatfive percent of the total weight of the
hydrogenated nanotubes came from the hydrogen atoms, and they are already
working to boost that number. For its FreedomCAR program, the Department of
Energy has set the goal of developing a material that can hold
six percent of the total weight in hydrogen by the year 2010. Because
hydrogen is the lightest element, the storage material also needs to be
light—as is carbon—to hold a high percentage of hydrogen by weight.
In addition to upping the weight percent of hydrogen, researchers also need
to overcome challenges in releasing the stored hydrogen so it can be used
in a fuel cell. Currently the hydrogen-carbon bonds break above 600 °C,
but two cycles of hydrogenating the carbon nanotubes and then breaking the
hydrogen-carbon bonds appears to cause defects in the tubes. Ideally, the
hydrogen would be released at 50 to 100 °C. Adding metal catalysts and
adjusting the radius of the tubes are potential solutions.
This was the first experiment conducted on the new SPEAR3 beamline 5-1. The
work was supported by the Global Climate Energy Project as well as the DOE.
Source: Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, by Heather Rock Woods
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