精华区文章阅读

发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Economics
标  题: 诺贝尔经济学奖得主回顾（第二期）
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sat Mar 20 10:09:46 2004), 站内信件

从1969年至今，有五十多位经济学家获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。他们的研究领域几乎覆

盖了整个经济学的方方面面，他们的成就推动了上世纪经济学的飞速发展。本版隆重推出

“诺贝尔经济学奖得主回顾”系列，让我们重温经济学在上世纪走过的轨迹。

本期为第二期，回顾时间：1976-1983


Nobel Prize in Economics：1976


Milton Friedman

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/milton_friedman_1976.jpg
(1912- )
经历

American laissez-faire economist, professor at the University of Chicago, and

one of the leading conservative economists in the second half of the 20th-cent

ury. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1976.
After studying at Rutgers University and the University of Chicago, Friedman r

eceived his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1946 and joined the faculty of t

he University of Chicago that same year. Friedman became one of the leading Am

erican advocates of the monetarist school of economics, which holds that the b

usiness cycle is determined primarily by money supply and interest rates rathe

r than by a government's fiscal policy. In Capitalism and Freedom (1962; with

his wife, Rose D. Friedman)
贡献

Friedman argued for a negative income tax, or guaranteed income, to supersede

centralized, bureaucratized social welfare services, which in his view are ini

mical to the traditional values of individualism and useful work. Among his ot

her works, many of which concern the theory of money, are A Monetary History o

f the United States, 1867-1960 (1963) and Monetary Trends of the United States

and the United Kingdom (1981).
相关链接

http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1992/1992n.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1981/1981aa.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1981/1981x.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1980/1980aj.html
http://mars.hanover.edu/student/jansen/friedman.html
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/int926.html
http://castle.uvic.ca/econ/friedman.gif
http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/
http://www.bomis.com/rings/friedman
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/friedman.html
http://csf.colorado.edu/roper/if/friedman-on-floating-rates.html
http://pw1.netcom.com/~politics/friedman.html
http://www.ideachannel.com/friedman.htm
http://home.netcom.com/~garretc/friedman/
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1976/friedman-autobio.html
http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/friedman.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1977


Bertil Ohlin

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/bertil_ohlin_1977.jpg
(1899-1979)
经历

Swedish economist and political leader who is known as the founder of the mode

rn theory of the dynamics of trade. In 1977 he shared the Nobel Prize for Econ

omics with James Meade.
Ohlin studied at the University of Lund and at Stockholm University under Eli

Heckscher. His interest in international trade developed early, and he present

ed in 1922 a thesis on trade theory. Ohlin studied for a period at both the Un

iversity of Oxford and Harvard University; at the latter institution he was in

fluenced by Frank Taussig and John H. Williams. He obtained his doctorate from

Stockholm University in 1924 and the following year became a professor at the

University of Copenhagen. In 1930 he succeeded Heckscher at Stockholm Univers

ity. At this time Ohlin became engaged in a controversy with John Maynard Keyn

es, contradicting the latter's view that Germany could not pay war reparations

. This debate over reparations had much influence on the modern theory of unil

ateral international payments.
Ohlin served as head of the Liberal Party in Sweden from 1944 to 1967. He was

a member of the Riksdag (parliament) from 1938 to 1970 and was minister of com

merce (1944-45) in Sweden's wartime government.
贡献

In 1933 Ohlin published a work that won him world renown, Interregional and In

ternational Trade. In this Ohlin built upon earlier work by Heckscher and on t

he approach in his own doctoral thesis to provide a theory of the basis of int

ernational trade; it is now known as the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and has become

standard. It also provided the basis for later work on the effects of protect

ion on real wages. As a member of the "Stockholm school" of economists, Ohlin

developed, from the foundations laid by Knut Wicksell, a theoretical treatment

of macroeconomic policy and the importance of aggregate demand which anticipa

ted that of Keynes.
相关链接

http://www.linksdose.com/ohlin.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1977/ohlin-autobio.html

James E. Meade

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/james_edward_meade_1977.jpg
(1907-1995)
经历

British economist whose work on international economic policy procured him (wi

th Bertil Ohlin) the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1977.
Meade was educated at Malvern College and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he e

arned first-class honours in 1928. In 1930-31 he spent a postgraduate year at

Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became involved in discussions of John Ma

ynard Keynes's Treatise on Money that led to the development of Keynes's Gener

al Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936). It was perhaps this perio

d that gave Meade's policy work its distinctly Cambridge and somewhat leftist

flavour. He served as a war economist during World War II and was the leading

economist in the Labour government (1946-47). He held chairs at the London Sch

ool of Economics (1947-57) and at Cambridge (1957-68).
贡献

Meade's early important work resulted in The Theory of International Economic

Policy, which was published in two volumes--The Balance of Payments (1951) and

Trade and Welfare (1955). In the first of these books he sought to synthesize

Keynesian and neoclassical elements in a model designed to show the effects o

f various monetary and fiscal policies on the balance of payments. In the seco

nd volume Meade explored the effects on economic welfare of various kinds of t

rade policy, providing a detailed analysis of the welfare effects of regulatio

n of trade. Meade's work also led to later work on trade discrimination and ef

fective protection.
相关链接

http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/meade.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1977/meade-autobio.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1977/meade-speech.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1978


Herbert A. Simon

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/herbert_a_simon_1978.jpg
(1916- )
经历

American social scientist known for his contributions in a large number of fie

lds including psychology, mathematics, statistics, and operations research, al

l of which he synthesized in a key theory which led to his winning the 1978 No

bel Prize for Economics.
Simon graduated from the University of Chicago in 1936, obtaining his Ph.D. in

1943. After holding various posts in political science he became, in 1949, pr

ofessor of administration and psychology at Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsb

urgh, later becoming professor of computer science and psychology there.
贡献

He is best known for his work on the theory of corporate decision-making known

as "behaviourism." In his influential book Administrative Behavior (1947), Si

mon sought to replace the highly simplified classical approach to economic mod

eling and its concept of the single decision-making, profit-maximizing entrepr

eneur with an approach to decision-making that recognizes a multiplicity of fa

ctors. According to Simon, this framework provides a more satisfactory theoret

ical approach for a world in which decision-making units are large enough for

each one to have significant effects on prices and outputs. Crucial to this th

eory is the concept of satisfying behaviour--the achievement of acceptable lev

els of economic variables while keeping complications and risks at a minimum--

as contrasted with the traditional emphasis on the achievement of maximum prof

its as the primary motivating factor. Simon's theory thus attempts to consider

the psychological factors involved in decision-making that classical economis

ts tend not to take into account. Later in his career, Simon became increasing

ly involved in the attempt to create artificial intelligence by computer techn

ology. He is the author of several books on computers, economics, and manageme

nt.
相关链接

http://researchsmp2.cc.vt.edu/DB/db/indices/a-tree/s/Simon:Herbert_A=.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/simon.html
http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/economy-1978-1-bio.html
http://www.cso.edu/simon_bio.htm
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/simon.htm
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1978/simon-autobio.html
http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/481/Author/SIMON-HA.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1979


Theodore W. Schultz

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/theodore_w_schultz_1979.jpg
(1902-1998)
经历

American economist whose influential studies of the role of "human capital"--e

ducation, talent, energy, and will--in economic development won him a share (w

ith Sir Arthur Lewis) of the 1979 Nobel Prize for Economics.
Schultz graduated from South Dakota State College in 1927 and took his Ph.D. i

n 1930 at the University of Wisconsin, where he was much influenced by John R.

Commons and other unorthodox thinkers. He taught at Iowa State College from 1

930 to 1943 and at the University of Chicago from 1943 to 1972. He was head of

the economics department at Chicago from 1946 to 1961.
贡献

Schultz's view of economic development was grounded in the conviction that agr

icultural development is the indispensable precondition to industrialization.

In applying classical economic analysis to agriculture in poor countries, he p

roposed that human capital could be studied in the same terms commonly applied

to capital in the usual sense. The result was a theory of investment in and r

eturns from human capital as the wellspring of development and as the only gen

uine solution to the problem of poverty.
Among his publications were Agriculture in an Unstable Economy (1945), The Eco

nomic Value of Education (1963), Economic Growth and Agriculture (1968), Inves

tment in Human Capital (1971), and Investing in People: The Economics of Popul

ation Quality (1981).
相关链接

http://userwww.sfsu.edu/~rsauzier/Schultz.html
http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/economy-1979-1-bio.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1979/schultz-autobio.html

Sir Arthur Lewis

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/william_arthur_lewis_1979.jpg
(1915-1991)
经历

Lewis attended the London School of Economics after winning a government schol

arship. He graduated in 1937 and received a Ph.D. in economics there in 1940.

He was a lecturer at the school from 1938 to 1947, professor of economics at t

he University of Manchester from 1947 to 1958, principal of University College

of the West Indies in 1959-62, and professor at Princeton University from 196

3 to 1983. He served as adviser on economic development to many international

commissions and to several African, Asian, and Caribbean governments. He helpe

d establish, and in 1970-73 headed, the Caribbean Development Bank. Lewis was

knighted in 1963.
贡献

British economist who shared (with Theodore W. Schultz, an American) the 1979

Nobel Prize for Economics for his studies of economic development and his cons

truction of an innovative model relating the terms of trade between less devel

oped and more developed nations to their respective levels of labour productiv

ity in agriculture.
Lewis wrote several books, including The Principles of Economic Planning (1949

), The Theory of Economic Growth (1955), Development Planning (1966), Tropical

Development 1880-1913 (1971), and Growth and Fluctuations 1870-1913 (1978).

相关链接

http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1991/1991v.html
http://www.angelfire.com/biz/Broadcasting/SirArthur.html
http://www.lewis.com/turkey
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/lewis.html
http://www.yahoo.com/
http://lm-p.com/dm/dmichael.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1979/lewis-autobio.html
http://caribbean.halloffame.tripod.com/Sir_Arthur_Lewis.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1980


Lawrence R. Klein

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/lawrence_r_klein_1980.jpg
(1920- )
经历

American economist whose work in developing macro-econometric models for natio

nal, regional, and world economies won him the 1980 Nobel Prize for Economics.

After graduating from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1942, Klein s

tudied under Paul Samuelson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, taki

ng his Ph.D. in 1944. From 1944 to 1947 he was involved in econometric researc

h at the University of Chicago, and from 1948 to 1950 he was on the staff of t

he National Bureau of Economic Research. Subsequently he was associated with t

he Survey Research Center of the University of Michigan in 1949-54, the Instit

ute of Statistics of Oxford University in 1954-58, and the Wharton School of t

he University of Pennsylvania from 1958. In 1968 he became Benjamin Franklin p

rofessor of economics and finance at the Wharton School.
贡献

Klein's researches produced a series of increasingly detailed and sophisticate

d models of economic activity. The Wharton Models found wide use in forecastin

g gross national product, exports, investment, and consumption. A more ambitio

us effort, the LINK project, incorporated data gathered from a large number of

industrialized, centrally planned, and developing countries to forecast trade

and capital movements and to test the effects of proposed changes in politica

l and economic policies.
相关链接

http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1981/1981x.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1980/1980f.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1980/1980g.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1980/1980k.html
http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/econ/faculty/index/Klein_Lawrence.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/klein.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1980/klein-autobio.html
http://www.icasinc.org/bios/klein.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1981


James Tobin

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/james_tobin_1981.jpg
(1918-2002)
经历

American economist whose contributions to the theoretical formulation of inves

tment behaviour were also of great practical value in understanding financial

markets. His work brought him the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1981.
After taking degrees from Harvard University (1939, 1940), Tobin spent 1941-42

as an economist with the Office of Price Administration in Washington, D.C. D

uring World War II he served in the Naval Reserve, rising to second in command

of the destroyer USS Kearney. In 1947 Tobin received his Ph.D. from Harvard,

and in 1950 he joined the faculty of Yale University, where in 1957 he became

Sterling professor of economics. In addition to teaching, he served as directo

r of the Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics in 1955-61 and 1964-65.

贡献

Tobin's work significantly extended the usefulness of Keynesian economic analy

sis by greatly clarifying such issues as risk, portfolio management, and the r

ole of financial markets in conveying information about underlying conditions.

Among his publications were The American Business Creed (with others, 1961),

National Economic Policy (1966), Essays in Economics, 3 vol. (1971-82), and Th

e New Economics One Decade Older (1974).
相关链接

http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1981/1981h.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1981/1981j.html
http://www.smau.it/nobel/nobel95/biograph/tobib.htm
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/96-12/tobin.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/tobin.html
http://www.ecaar.org/
http://www.jamestobin.com/biography
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1981/tobin-autobio.html
http://www.pkarchive.org/column/031202.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1982


George J. Stigler

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/george_j_stigler_1982.jpg
(1911-1991)
经历

American economist whose incisive and unorthodox studies of marketplace behavi

our and the effects of government regulation won him the 1982 Nobel Prize for

Economics.
After graduating from the University of Washington in 1931, Stigler took a bus

iness degree at Northwestern University in 1932 and a Ph.D. in economics at th

e University of Chicago in 1938. He taught at Iowa State College in 1936-38, t

he University of Minnesota in 1938-46, Brown University in 1946-47, Columbia U

niversity in 1947-58, and the University of Chicago from 1958. From 1963 he wa

s Charles R. Walgreen distinguished service professor of American institutions

, becoming emeritus in 1981. At Chicago he founded in 1977 the Center for the

Study of the Economy and the State.
贡献

Among Stigler's notable contributions to economics were his study of the econo

mics of information, an important elaboration of the traditional understanding

of how efficient markets operate, and his studies of public regulation, in wh

ich he concluded that at best it has little influence and that it is usually d

etrimental to consumer interests. Stigler's publications include The Theory of

Price (1942), a textbook of microeconomics; The Intellectual and the Market P

lace (1964); Essays in the History of Economic Thought (1965); The Citizen and

the State (1975); and The Economist as Preacher, and Other Essays (1982).
相关链接

http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1982/1982f.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1982/1982k.html
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/int895.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/stigler.html
http://www.personal-selection.com/GS.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1982/stigler-bio.html
http://www.nybooks.com/authors/6621

Nobel Prize in Economics：1983


Gerard Debreu

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/gerard_debreu_1983.jpg
(1921- )
经历

French-born American economist whose fundamental contribution to economic theo

ry won him the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1983.
Debreu received his doctorate in economics from the University of Paris in 194

6. In 1950 he joined the Chicago-based Cowles Foundation for Research in Econo

mics, moving with the foundation to Yale University in New Haven, Conn., in 19

55. He became professor of economics and mathematics at the University of Cali

fornia at Berkeley in 1962 and a U.S. citizen in 1975.
贡献

His classic monograph, Theory of Values: An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equ

ilibrium, was published in 1959. In it Debreu provided the mathematical underp

innings for the phenomenon of equilibrium in supply and demand that was first

articulated (as the "invisible hand" that leads self-seeking men unwittingly t

o aid society) by Adam Smith in 1776.
Debreu also developed methods by which to analyze the factors that influence e

quilibrium.
相关链接

http://ttt.inferentia.it/west/it/project/10nob94/debrb.htm
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/debreu.html
http://www.thebestofweb.net/debreu.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1983/debreu-autobio.html
http://www.anagramgenius.com/archive/theeco19.html

--
╔═══════════════════╗
║★★★★★友谊第一  比赛第二★★★★★║
╚═══════════════════╝

※ 来源:．哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn [FROM: 202.118.229.162]

Economics 版 (精华区)