精华区文章阅读

发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Economics
标  题: 诺贝尔经济学奖得主回顾（第一期）
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sat Mar 20 10:10:36 2004), 站内信件

从1969年至今，有五十多位经济学家获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。他们的研究领域几乎覆

盖了整个经济学的方方面面，他们的成就推动了上世纪经济学的飞速发展。本版隆重推出

“诺贝尔经济学奖得主回顾”系列，让我们重温经济学在上世纪走过的轨迹。

本期为第一期，回顾时间：1969-1975


Nobel Prize in Economics：1969


Ragnar Frisch

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/ragnar_frisch_1969.jpg
（1895-1973）
经历

Pioneer Norwegian econometrician and economist who was a joint winner (with Ja

n Tinbergen) of the 1969 Nobel Prize for Economics.
Frisch was educated at the University of Oslo, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1926. He

was appointed to a specially created professorship at Oslo in 1931, a post he

held until his retirement in 1965. Frisch was a pioneer of econometrics--the

application of mathematical models in association with statistical techniques

to economic data--and is credited with inventing the term. He was one of the f

ounders of the Econometric Society and, for 21 years, editor of Econometrica.

贡献

Frisch is particularly famous for the development of large-scale econometric m

odeling linked to economic planning and national income accounting. In this co

nnection he was also influential in the introduction of academically trained e

conomists into key civil service positions. Frisch was involved with a range o

f macroeconomic topics, including the trade cycle, production theory, consumer

behaviour, and statistical theory. Many of the papers he published are regard

ed as classics.
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1969b.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/frisch.html
http://www.lanzadera.com/rosado
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1969/frisch-autobio.html
http://web.quick.cz/jackmail/
http://web.uvic.ca/econ/nobel.html
http://www.uio.no/english/nobel_prize/frisch_eng.html

Jan Tinbergen

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/jan_tinbergen_1969.jpg
（1903-1994）
经历

Dutch economist noted for his development of econometric models. He was cowinn

er (with Ragnar Frisch) of the first Nobel Prize for Economics, in 1969.
Tinbergen was the brother of the zoologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and was educated

at the University of Leiden. From 1929 to 1945 he was a business-cycle statis

tician with the Dutch government's Central Bureau of Statistics and from 1945

to 1955 was director of the Central Planning Bureau. He held the post of profe

ssor of economics at The Netherlands School of Economics (now part of Erasmus

University), Rotterdam, for 40 years (1933-73) and then taught for two years a

t the University of Leiden before his retirement in 1975.
贡献

Tinbergen was an economic adviser to the League of Nations at Geneva, 1936-38,

and it was there that he completed his analysis of the economic development o

f the United States from 1919 to 1932. This pioneering econometric study provi

ded much of the raw material for his later development of business-cycle theor

y and for the application of methods of economic stabilization. Later he also

constructed an econometric model of The Netherlands, which was applied to both

short-term and broader political-economic planning.
Among his major works are Statistical Testing of Business Cycles (1938), Econo

metrics (1942), Economic Policy (1956), and Income Distribution (1975).
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1969a.html
http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1973c.html
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tinbergen.html
http://www.eur.nl/few/ocfeb/eaere.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/tin.html
http://www.lanzadera.com/rosado
http://www.few.eur.nl/few/research/ocfeb/homepages/harry/index.htm
http://www.few.eur.nl/few/services/bib/images/inhoudsopgave%20centennial.pdf

http://www.few.eur.nl/few/services/bib/images/koldewolff.pdf
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1969/tinbergen-cv.html
http://www.dataweb.nl/~cool/Thomas/Nederlands/TPnCPB/Tinbergen.html
http://www.tinbergen.nl/about/tinberg.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1970


Paul A. Samuelson

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/paul_samuelson_1970.jpg
(1915- )
经历

American economist awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1970 for his funda

mental contributions to nearly all branches of economic theory.
Samuelson was educated at the University of Chicago (B.A., 1935) and at Harvar

d, where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1941. He was professor of economics at the M

assachusetts Institute of Technology from 1940. Samuelson also served as a gov

ernment economic adviser on several occasions.
贡献

Samuelson was considered an economic theorist of outstanding calibre. He made

contributions to many areas of economic theory through the employment of a pow

erful mathematical technique, using it essentially as a puzzle-solving device.

Samuelson's Foundations of Economic Analysis (1947) provides the foundation f

or a basic theme of his work, the universal nature of consumer behaviour as th

e key to economic theory. Samuelson studied such diverse fields as the dynamic

s and stability of economic systems, the incorporation of the theory of intern

ational trade into that of general economic equilibrium, the analysis of publi

c goods, capital theory, welfare economics, and public expenditure. Of particu

lar influence has been his mathematical formulation of the interaction of mult

iplier and accelerator effects and, in consumption analysis, his development o

f the theory of revealed preference.
Samuelson had a lucid prose style. His introductory textbook, Economics (1948)

, went into several editions and is considered a classic. The Collected Scient

ific Papers of Paul A. Samuelson was published in five volumes between 1966 an

d 1986.
相关链接

http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/tt/2000/sep13/nobel.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1981/1981x.html
http://www.radioactivo.com.mx/
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/samuel.html
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/samuelson.htm
http://ifa.tv/12steps/Step2/Step2Page2.html
http://finmath.com/
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1970/samuelson-bio.html
http://www.starvingmind.net/author/Paul+Anthony+Samuelson/1.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1971


Simon Kuznets

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/simon_kuznets_1971.jpg
(1901-1985)
经历

Russian-born American economist and statistician, winner of the 1971 Nobel Pri

ze for Economics.
Kuznets emigrated to the United States in 1922, 15 years after his father had

emigrated. (His father changed the family name to Smith, but the young Kuznets

preferred his original name.) He was educated at Columbia University, receivi

ng his Ph.D. in 1926. In 1927 he joined the National Bureau of Economic Resear

ch, working with its founder, Wesley Mitchell. It was there that Kuznets devel

oped his pioneering studies of U.S. national income and his more general work

on economic time series, resulting in comprehensive studies of the economic gr

owth of nations. He later taught at a number of universities (University of Pe

nnsylvania, 1930-54; Johns Hopkins, 1954-60; Harvard, 1960-71).
贡献

His work emphasized the complexity of underlying economic data, stressing the

importance of large numbers of observations and the limitations of simple mode

ls based on one phase of historical experience. According to Kuznets, economic

data must include information on population structure, technology, the qualit

y of labour, government structure, trade, and markets in order to provide an a

ccurate model. In particular, he emphasized, on the basis of the statistical s

eries that he accumulated, how little of economic growth can be attributed in

the conventional manner to the accumulation of labour and capital. He also des

cribed the existence of cyclical variations in growth rates (now called "Kuzne

ts cycles") and their links with underlying factors such as population.
相关链接

http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1985/1985aj.html
http://homepage.interaccess.com/~dfroula/steve/pop2.html
http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/walras/bios/kuznets1.gif
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/kuznets.html
http://www.nobel.se/laureates/economy-1971-1-autobio.html
http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=16715
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1971/kuznets-autobio.html
http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Simon-Kuznets
http://nobel-winners.com/Economics/simon_kuznets.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1972


John R. Hicks

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/john_richard_hicks_1972.jpg
(1904-1989)
经历

English economist who made pioneering contributions to general economic equili

brium theory and, in 1972, shared (with Kenneth J. Arrow ) the Nobel Prize for

Economics. He was knighted in 1964.
Hicks was on the faculties of the London School of Economics and Political Sci

ence (1926-35), Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge (1935-38), the Universit

y of Manchester (1938-46), and Nuffield College, Oxford (1946-52). Then, for t

wo decades, he was a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and was thereafter a

professor emeritus. His Collected Papers were published in two volumes (1981-

82).
贡献

Hicks's classic work, Value and Capital (1939; 2nd ed. 1946), helped to resolv

e basic conflicts between business-cycle theory and the equilibrium theory, wh

ich holds that economic forces tend to balance one another rather than simply

reflect cyclical trends. Both Hicks and Arrow demonstrated that active forces,

not passive ones, strike economic balances when the forces cancel each other

out. Their theories were used widely by public and private interests to determ

ine foreign trade, investment policies, and prices.
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1972b.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/hicks.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1972/hicks-autobio.html

Kenneth J. Arrow

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/kenneth_joseph_arrow_1972.jpg
(1921- )
经历

Arrow received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1951 and taught at the Un

iversity of Chicago (1948-49) and Stanford University (1949-68). From 1968 to

1979 he was professor of economics at Harvard University, where he inspired th

e development of a first-rate school of economic theorists. In 1979 he returne

d to Stanford University.
贡献

American economist known for his contributions to welfare economics and to gen

eral economic equilibrium theory. He was cowinner (with Sir John R. Hicks) of

the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1972. Perhaps his most startling thesis (usin

g elementary mathematics) was the "impossibility theorem" (or "Arrow's theorem

"), which holds that, under certain conditions of rationality and equality, it

is impossible to guarantee that a ranking of societal preferences will corres

pond to rankings of individual preferences when more than two individuals and

alternative choices are involved.
Among his major publications are Social Choice and Individual Values (1951), E

ssays in the Theory of Risk Bearing (1971), and The Limits of Organization (19

74).
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1972a.html
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/int9512.html
http://www.smau.it/nobel/biograph/barrow.htm
http://www-econ.stanford.edu/econ/faculty/arrow.html
http://nobel.sdsc.edu/laureates/economy-1972-2-autobio.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/arrow.html
http://www.ecaar.org/
http://www.wert.org/
http://www.bdpmgmt.com/literature.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1972/arrow-autobio.html
http://finmath.com/
http://www.elsevier.com/hes/homepage/cvs/arrow.htm

Nobel Prize in Economics：1973


Wassily Leontief

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/wassily_leontief_1973.jpg
(1906- )
经历

Russian-born American economist who has been called the father of input-output

analysis in econometrics and who won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1973.

Leontief was a student at the University of Leningrad (1921-25) and the Univer

sity of Berlin (1925-28) and came to the United States in 1931, teaching at Ha

rvard University from 1931 to 1975. From 1948 to 1975 he was director of the H

arvard Economic Research Project on the Structure of the American Economy. In

1975 he became professor of economics at New York University, a position that

he retained after being appointed director of the school's Institute for Econo

mic Analysis three years later.
贡献

The core of his complex input-output system is a gridlike table showing what i

ndividual industries buy from and sell to one another. With the addition of go

vernment, consumers, foreign countries, and other elements, there emerges a ge

neral outline of the goods and services circulating in a national economy. The

input-output method of economic analysis is used in various forms in more tha

Nobel Prize in Economics：1973


Wassily Leontief

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/wassily_leontief_1973.jpg
(1906- )
经历

Russian-born American economist who has been called the father of input-output

analysis in econometrics and who won the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1973.

Leontief was a student at the University of Leningrad (1921-25) and the Univer

sity of Berlin (1925-28) and came to the United States in 1931, teaching at Ha

rvard University from 1931 to 1975. From 1948 to 1975 he was director of the H

arvard Economic Research Project on the Structure of the American Economy. In

1975 he became professor of economics at New York University, a position that

he retained after being appointed director of the school's Institute for Econo

mic Analysis three years later.
贡献

The core of his complex input-output system is a gridlike table showing what i

ndividual industries buy from and sell to one another. With the addition of go

vernment, consumers, foreign countries, and other elements, there emerges a ge

neral outline of the goods and services circulating in a national economy. The

input-output method of economic analysis is used in various forms in more tha

n 50 industrialized countries for planning and forecasting.
Leontief is also distinguished for having developed linear programming, a math

ematical technique for solving complex problems of economic operations. He als

o is known for the "Leontief Paradox," his finding that, in the United States,

capital rather than labour is the relatively scarce factor of production.
Among his major publications are The Structure of the American Economy 1919-19

29: An Empirical Application of Equilibrium Analysis (1941) and Input-Output E

conomics (1966).
相关链接

http://www.biograph.comstar.ru/bank/leontev.htm
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/leontief.html
http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/ARTICLES/NATIONAL/Inputout/1999/0399leon.pdf
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1973/leontief-autobio.html
http://www.iioa.org/leontief/Life.html

Nobel Prize in Economics：1974


Gunnar Myrdal

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/gunnar_myrdal_1974.jpg
(1898-1987)
经历

Swedish economist and sociologist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economic

Myrdal presented his theory of cumulative causation, of poverty breeding pove

rty. The same idea became a leading feature of Myrdal's writings on developmen

t economics, in which he argued that, rather than rich and poor countries conv

erging with economic development, they might well diverge, the poor countries

becoming poorer as the rich countries enjoyed economies of scale and the poor

ones were forced to rely on primary products.
From 1947 to 1957 Myrdal was executive secretary of the United Nations Economi

c Commission for Europe.
Other books in which Myrdal combined his economic research with sociological s

tudies are The Political Element in the Development of Economic Theory (1930)

and Beyond the Welfare State: Economic Planning and its International Implicat

ions (1960). The book Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations (196

8) represents a 10-year study of the economic concerns and vested interests of

southern Asia that account for its social condition.
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1974b.html
http://almaz.com/nobel/peace/1982a.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1982/1982d.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1991/1991e.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1987/1987ac.html
http://www.wienerzeitung.at/links/linktot.htm#myrdal
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/myrdal.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1974/myrdal-bio.html
http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/myrdal.htm
http://www.freewebs.com/nobelprize/G_Myrdal.htm

Friedrich August von Hayek

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/friedrich_von_hayek_1974.jpg
(1899-1992)
经历

Austrian-born British economist noted for his conservative views and criticism

s of the Keynesian welfare state. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize for Econom

ics with the Swedish economic liberal Gunnar Myrdal.
Hayek studied law and psychology, then economics, at the University of Vienna,

receiving a doctorate in 1923. After studying at New York University (1923-24

), he became director of the Austrian Institute of Economic Research and then

in 1931 moved to London, where he held positions at the University of London a

nd the London School of Economics and Political Science. In 1938 he became a n

aturalized British citizen. From 1950 to 1962 he was professor of social and m

oral science at the University of Chicago. Upon reaching retirement age, he ac

cepted a chair at the University of Freiburg, retiring in 1968.
贡献

Hayek's conservative thesis was that governmental control of or intervention i

n a free market only forestalls such economic ailments as inflation, unemploym

ent, recession, or depression. In 1944 he suggested in The Road to Serfdom tha

t mild piecemeal reforms and governmental manipulations inevitably lead to the

kind of ultimate domestic disaster that paves the way for totalitarian takeov

er by a Hitler. Hayek's other works include Prices and Production (1931), The

Pure Theory of Capital (1941), The Constitution of Liberty (1960), Law, Legisl

ation, and Liberty (1978), and Unemployment and Monetary Policy: Government as

Generator of the Business Cycle (1979).
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1974a.html
http://members.aol.com/gregransom/hayekpage.htm
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1992/1992r.html
http://www.ecn.cz/private/liberal
http://members.aol.com/gregransom/hayekquote.htm
http://members.aol.com/gregransom/articles.htm
http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/region/reg926b.html
http://www.freedomsnest.com/fn/hayfa.html
http://www.independent.org/
http://www.bomis.com/rings/hayek
http://members.aol.com/evildwarf/osiris.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/hayek.html
http://www.hayekcenter.org/friedrichhayek.html
http://www.hayekcenter.org/friedrichhayek/hayek.html
http://www.angelfire.com/vt/toocool/home.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1974/hayek-cv.html
http://www.mises.org/hayekbio.asp
http://www.freewebs.com/nobelprize/F_Hayek.htm

Nobel Prize in Economics：1975


Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/leonid_kantorovich_1975.jpg
(1912-1986)
经历

Soviet mathematician and economist who shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Economi

cs with Tjalling Koopmans for their work on the optimal allocation of scarce r

esources.
Kantorovich was educated at Leningrad State University, receiving his doctorat

e in mathematics (1930) there at the age of 18. He became a professor at Lenin

grad in 1934, a position he held until 1960. He headed the department of mathe

matics and economics in the Siberian branch of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Science

s from 1961 to 1971 and then served as head of the research laboratory at Mosc

ow's Institute of National Economic Planning (1971-76). Kantorovich was electe

d to the prestigious Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union (1964) and was aw

arded the Lenin Prize in 1965.
贡献

His most famous work is The Best Use of Economic Resources (1959). Kantorovich

pioneered the technique of linear programming as a tool of economic planning,

having developed a linear programming model in 1939. He used such mathematica

l techniques to show how the decentralization of decision making in a planned

economy ultimately depends on a system in which prices are based on the relati

ve scarcity of resources. Although his background was purely mathematical, his

work showed a keen understanding of the economic aspects of problems. He deve

loped a concept called resolving multipliers that corresponds to the shadow pr

ices in Western economic literature. In his own country Kantorovich was a nota

ble "reform" economist whose nondogmatic critical analyses of Soviet economic

policy clashed with the views of his orthodox Marxist colleagues.
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1975b.html
http://www.opti.ch/
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/kanto.html
http://www.opti.ch/kantoro.htm
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1975/kantorovich-autobio.html

Tjalling C. Koopmans

http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/tjalling_koopmans_1975.jpg
(1910-1985)
经历

In 1944 Koopmans joined the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics at the

University of Chicago, where he extended his technique to a wide variety of e

conomic problems. When the commission was relocated to Yale University in 1955

, Koopmans moved with it, becoming professor of economics at Yale. He wrote a

widely read book on the methodology of economic analysis, Three Essays on the

State of Economic Science (1957). Koopmans became a naturalized U.S. citizen i

n 1946.
贡献

Dutch-born American economist who shared--with Leonid Kantorovich of the Sovie

t Union--the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1975. The two men independently deve

loped a rational method, called activity analysis, for allocating resources so

as to attain a given economic objective at the lowest cost.
Koopmans was educated in mathematics and physics at the universities of Utrech

t and Leiden, obtaining his Ph.D. in economics at Leiden in 1936. In 1940 he w

ent to the United States, where he worked for the British Merchant Shipping Mi

ssion during World War II. In that position he was concerned with the selectio

n of shipping routes that would minimize the total cost of transporting requir

ed quantities of goods, available at various locations in America, to specifie

d destinations in England. He showed that the desired result is obtainable by

the straightforward solution of a system of equations involving the costs of t

he materials at their sources and the costs of shipping them by alternative ro

utes. He also devised a general mathematical model of the problem that led to

the necessary equations.
相关链接

http://almaz.com/nobel/economics/1975a.html
http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1985/1985ao.html
http://www.iiasa.ac.at/docs/Admin/INF/docs/koop.html
http://www.mtsu.edu/~tvs2/koop.html
http://www.nobel.se/economics/laureates/1975/koopmans-autobio.html
http://register.munzinger.de/personen/00/000/014/00014445.shtml

--
╔═══════════════════╗
║★★★★★友谊第一  比赛第二★★★★★║
╚═══════════════════╝

※ 来源:．哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn [FROM: 202.118.229.162]

Economics 版 (精华区)