Environment 版 (精华区)

发信人: ignorance (孤独一剑), 信区: Environment
标  题: 中国21世纪优先项目计划(4.3)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Fri Jul  2 09:08:20 1999), 转信

4-3 核 能 供 热 堆 安 全 保 障 能 力 与 示 范
                        工 程 建 设 



0 项 目 与 《 中 国 21 世 纪 议 程 》 文 本 的 关 系 

该 项 目 来 自 《 中 国 21 世 纪 议 程 》 13A 、 13D 与
该 项 目 有 关 的 《 中 国 21 世 纪 议 程 》 领 域 为 ：
18A 、 18C 

1 背 景 

长 期 以 来 ， 煤 炭 在 中 国 能 源 供 应 中 一 直 占 据
着 重 要 的 位 置 。 然 而 ， 煤 炭 生 产 已 经 远 不 能
满 足 中 国 经 济 增 长 的 需 要 ， 同 时 ， 煤 炭 的 直
接 燃 烧 更 导 致 了 严 重 的 环 境 污 染 问 题 。 而 核
供 热 作 为 替 代 煤 炭 供 热 的 新 能 源 ， 对 改 善 环
境 质 量 、 减 轻 煤 炭 运 输 压 力 ， 将 起 到 重 要 的
作 用 。 

中 国 在 80 年 代 初 ， 就 开 始 了 核 供 热 的 研 究 和
开 发 工 作 。 经 过 连 续 3 个 5 年 计 划 的 技 术 攻
关 ， 已 经 取 得 了 重 大 的 技 术 突 破 。 1989 年 清
华 大 学 建 立 了 5MW 实 验 供 热 反 应 堆 ， 并 已 成
功 地 连 续 运 行 了 四 年 。 

200MW 核 供 热 堆 的 关 键 技 术 已 经 基 本 掌 握 。 为
了 更 广 泛 地 推 广 该 项 技 术 ， 中 国 政 府 已 经 批
准 在 中 国 黑 龙 江 省 的 大 庆 市 ， 建 立 一 座 200MW
核 供 热 示 范 堆 。 该 项 目 预 计 在 1989 年 完 工 。
它 将 给 核 供 热 堆 的 发 展 奠 定 一 个 良 好 的 基 础
。 

清 华 大 学 核 研 院 已 建 成 核 供 热 的 一 系 列 实 验
室 。 目 前 ， 中 国 国 内 已 有 九 个 城 市 向 国 家 计
委 提 交 了 项 目 建 议 书 要 求 建 设 核 供 热 站 。 国
际 上 一 些 国 家 也 对 中 国 研 究 的 供 热 堆 很 感 兴
趣 。 北 非 的 一 些 国 家 已 经 通 过 IAEA 同 清 华 大
学 核 研 院 建 立 了 联 系 ， 希 望 利 用 供 热 堆 进 行
海 水 淡 化 。 南 亚 地 区 一 些 国 家 正 在 考 虑 用 核
供 热 堆 进 行 集 中 制 冷 的 可 行 性 。 

为 了 推 动 200MW 核 供 热 堆 更 广 泛 的 应 用 ， 非 常
有 必 要 在 核 供 热 堆 的 工 程 技 术 、 工 程 管 理 与
安 全 保 障 能 力 等 各 领 域 开 展 国 际 间 技 术 合 作
与 信 息 交 流 。 这 对 提 高 供 热 堆 的 安 全 可 靠 性
， 改 善 其 经 济 效 益 具 有 重 大 的 意 义 。 

2 目 标 与 产 出 

本 项 目 的 总 体 目 标 是 ： 研 究 、 开 发 和 推 广 核
能 供 热 技 术 ， 加 强 工 程 安 全 能 力 建 设 ， 在 国
内 外 扩 大 核 供 热 使 用 范 围 ， 以 核 能 代 替 部 分
化 石 燃 料 ， 减 少 环 境 污 染 。 近 期 要 实 现 以 下
目 标 ： 

2.1 建 立 核 供 热 工 程 技 术 开 发 中 心 ， 开 展 工
程 实 验 、 检 修 、 培 训 和 安 全 标 准 的 制 订 ， 建
立 起 核 供 热 堆 的 安 全 管 理 体 系 。 2.2 开 展 核
能 供 热 综 合 应 用 技 术 研 究 ， 制 定 国 内 和 国 外
推 广 应 用 核 供 热 技 术 规 划 。 

3 行 动 

3.1 建 立 核 供 热 工 程 技 术 开 发 中 心 

      建 立 工 程 技 术 实 验 室 。 
      建 立 培 训 中 心 及 模 拟 机 中 心 ， 开 发 相 关
      的 软 件 进 行 核 供 热 人 员 的 培 训 与 再 培 训
      。 
      建 立 核 供 热 安 全 实 验 室 ， 加 强 核 供 热 堆
      的 安 全 保 障 能 力 的 研 究 和 开 发 工 作 。 
      该 项 目 建 议 由 国 家 教 委 组 织 实 施 ， 期 限
      为 四 年 。 

3.2 大 庆 200MW 核 供 热 堆 示 范 工 程 建 设 及 综 合
管 理 系 统 的 开 发 

      示 范 堆 的 实 验 与 建 设 。 引 进 国 际 先 进 管
      理 技 术 ， 建 立 核 供 热 工 程 质 量 控 制 、 进
      度 控 制 和 投 资 制 管 理 体 系 。 
      该 项 目 建 议 由 大 庆 石 油 管 理 局 组 织 实 施
      ； 期 限 为 四 年 。 

3.3 核 供 热 综 合 应 用 技 术 研 究 及 推 广 应 用 规
划 

      核 供 热 制 冷 技 术 研 究 。 
      武 汉 市 核 制 冷 供 热 工 程 的 可 行 性 研 究 ，
      拟 建 设 核 供 热 站 冬 季 供 暖 ， 夏 季 制 冷 ，
      开 创 核 供 热 应 用 新 领 域 。 
      核 供 热 海 水 淡 化 应 用 技 术 研 究 ， 选 择 最
      优 核 能 海 水 淡 化 系 统 ， 对 核 供 热 工 程 与
      海 水 淡 化 的 接 口 进 行 相 关 的 技 术 经 济 评
      价 。 
      在 国 际 原 子 能 机 构 指 导 下 ， 对 北 非 五 国
      核 供 热 海 水 淡 化 工 程 进 行 可 行 性 研 究 。 
      国 际 核 供 热 工 程 市 场 前 景 研 究 及 国 内 核
      供 热 应 用 发 展 规 划 。 
      该 项 目 建 议 由 国 家 计 委 会 同 国 家 科 委 、
      国 家 教 委 组 织 实 施 ； 期 限 为 六 年 。 

4 投 入 

该 项 目 所 需 投 资 以 国 家 投 资 为 主 ， 争 取 必 要
的 国 际 合 作 ， 具 体 分 为 ： 

4.1 国 家 有 关 部 门 投 入 资 金 ， 主 要 用 于 ： 

      工 程 技 术 开 发 中 心 的 实 验 楼 及 实 验 设 备
      ; 
      核 供 热 工 程 成 套 管 理 体 系 ， 规 程 和 软 件
      的 编 制 ; 
      国 内 专 家 和 其 他 工 作 人 员 的 交 通 、 办 公
      设 施 以 及 必 要 的 设 备 ; 
      核 供 热 堆 研 究 开 发 成 果 、 技 术 、 资 料 及
      设 计 ; 
      示 范 工 程 建 设 。 

4.2 必 要 的 国 际 援 助 

      国 际 赠 款 主 要 用 于 : 
      -- 技 术 开 发 中 心 基 地 建 设 ； 
      -- 技 术 经 验 交 流 ； 
      -- 技 术 咨 询 与 人 员 培 训 ； 
      -- 核 工 程 管 理 的 资 料 和 软 件 ； 
      -- 国 内 其 他 城 市 建 造 供 热 堆 资 金 引 进 。 
      国 际 优 惠 贷 款 主 要 用 于 大 庆 核 供 热 堆 建
      设 的 部 分 材 料 、 设 备 引 进 。 

4.3 费 用 预 算 

该 项 目 实 施 预 计 共 需 资 金 7200 万 美 元 。 各 项
费 用 细 目 见 下 表 ： 

                                         单 位 （ 万 美 元 ） 

  行 动 
                项 目 
                          国 内 资 金

                                           国 际 援 助 

                                                       总 计 
                                      赠 款 
                                               贷 款 
 行 动
 (1)
           专 家 经 费 
                          50
                                      30

                                                       80
           仪 器 、 设
           备 
                          200
                                      100

                                                       300
           实 验 楼 、
           培 训 楼 
                          100
                                      0

                                                       100
           人 员 培 训 
                          50
                                      30

                                                       80
           小 计 
                          400
                                      160

                                                       560
 行 动
 (2)
           示 范 堆 工
           程 
                          5140

                                              1000
                                                       6140
           技 术 交 流 
                          250
                                      20

                                                       270
           小 计 
                          5390
                                      20
                                              1000
                                                       6140
 行 动
 (3)
           专 家 经 费 
                          50
                                      20

                                                       70
           研 究 经 费 
                          100
                                      0

                                                       100
           人 员 培 训 
                          40
                                      20

                                                       60
           小 计 
                          190
                                      40

                                                       230

           总 计 
                          5980
                                      220
                                              1000
                                                       7200


5 效 益 

该 项 目 实 施 后 ， 将 为 核 供 热 堆 的 发 展 提 供 安
全 保 证 。 从 1995 年 到 2030 年 ， 按 国 内 各 城 市
发 展 规 划 ， 预 计 可 建 造 50 座 左 右 的 200MW 核 供
热 站 ， 每 年 可 替 代 烧 煤 1000 万 吨 ， 减 少 烟 尘
排 放 20 多 万 吨 、 SO2 排 放 25 万 吨 ， CO2 排 放
1900 万 吨 ， 对 改 善 我 国 北 方 大 城 市 环 境 乃 至
世 界 大 气 污 染 都 将 有 积 极 意 义 。 另 一 方 面 由
于 采 用 了 先 进 的 工 程 管 理 技 术 ， 可 提 高 工 程
质 量 ， 降 低 消 耗 ， 缩 短 工 期 ， 预 计 可 压 缩 半
年 到 一 年 ， 仅 此 一 项 ， 建 造 一 座 200 兆 瓦 核
供 热 站 可 节 约 工 时 费 和 建 设 期 利 息 共 200 万
美 元 ， 50 座 堆 合 计 可 节 省 投 资 1 亿 美 元 以 上
。 其 经 济 效 益 环 境 效 益 十 分 突 出 。 

该 项 目 实 施 完 成 后 ， 受 益 的 不 仅 是 中 国 ， 国
际 上 也 将 受 益 。 目 前 北 非 一 些 国 家 计 划 利 用
核 供 热 进 行 海 水 淡 化 ， 且 需 求 量 很 大 ， 需 建
设 100 多 座 200 兆 瓦 供 热 堆 才 能 解 决 该 地 区 淡
水 供 应 。 通 过 该 项 目 实 施 ， 不 仅 工 程 安 全 更
有 保 证 ； 而 且 可 培 训 运 行 人 员 ， 提 高 运 行 安
全 可 靠 性 ， 而 且 对 缓 解 北 非 和 世 界 其 他 地 区
淡 水 供 应 困 难 将 做 出 重 大 贡 献 。


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☆ 来源:．哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn．[FROM: ignorance.bbs@bbs.ne]