Environment 版 (精华区)

发信人: ignorance (孤独一剑), 信区: Environment
标  题: 中国21世纪优先项目计划(4.5C)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Fri Jul  2 09:13:24 1999), 转信

4-5C 生 物 质 能 源 开 发 利 用 及 示 范 工 程



0 项 目 与 《 中 国 21 世 纪 议 程 》 文 本 的 关 系 

该 项 目 来 自 《 中 国 21 世 纪 议 程 》 13D ； 
与 该 项 目 有 关 的 《 中 国 21 世 纪 议 程 》 方 案 领
域 为 ： 13B 、 18C 。 

1 背 景 

生 物 质 能 源 是 人 类 赖 以 生 存 的 重 要 能 源 之 一
。 到 21 世 纪 ， 全 球 总 能 耗 有 40% 来 自 生 物 质
能 源 ； 目 前 ， 我 国 农 村 能 源 约 70% 来 自 生 物
质 。 

在 农 村 ， 大 多 生 物 质 以 直 接 燃 烧 为 主 ， 不 仅
能 源 浪 费 严 重 ， 而 且 烟 尘 和 余 灰 的 排 放 ， 损
害 了 妇 女 和 儿 童 的 身 心 健 康 。 另 外 ， 生 物 质
本 身 也 可 造 成 环 境 污 染 ， 并 向 大 气 排 放 大 量
的 温 室 气 体 。 

由 于 乡 镇 企 业 的 发 展 和 我 国 农 村 用 能 水 平 的
提 高 ， 能 源 严 重 短 缺 ， 达 30% 以 上 。 对 森 林
资 源 的 掠 夺 性 采 伐 超 过 合 理 量 的 两 倍 ， 森 林
资 源 遭 到 严 重 的 破 坏 ， 造 成 大 面 积 水 土 流 失
，土 地 沙 化 ， 自 然 生 态 日 趋 恶 化 。 

开 发 和 利 用 生 物 质 能 源 ， 对 解 决 我 国 能 源 和
环 境 问 题 ， 乃 至 解 决 全 球 环 境 问 题 都 具 有 积
极 意 义 。 

国 家 对 开 发 利 用 生 物 质 能 源 极 为 重 视 ， 连 续
三 个 国 家 五 年 计 划 都 将 生 物 质 能 技 术 列 为 重
点 科 技 攻 关 项 目 , 并 已 列 入 “ 中 国 阳 光 计 划
” 重 点 开 发 项 目 。 涌 现 出 一 大 批 科 研 成 果 和
应 用 范 例 ， 取 得 了 可 观 的 社 会 效 益 和 经 济 效
益 ， 如 农 村 沼 气 、 工 业 沼 气 、 薪 炭 林 、 节 柴
灶 和 生 物 质 压 块 燃 料 等 。 

目 前 ， 我 国 生 物 质 能 开 发 利 用 已 初 具 规 模 ，
拥 有 一 批 成 熟 的 开 发 基 地 和 研 究 设 施 。 同 时
引 入 高 新 技 术 ， 以 提 高 生 物 质 的 能 源 利 用 率
， 如 ： 生 物 质 裂 解 气 化 、 炭 化 和 液 化 技 术 等
。 

但 是 ， 我 国 生 物 质 能 高 新 技 术 的 开 发 尚 处 于
起 步 阶 段 ， 还 有 一 些 问 题 有 待 解 决 ， 如 ： 自
身 能 耗 过 高 ， 能 量 转 换 率 低 ， 产 品 成 本 过 高
等 。 有 必 要 在 国 际 社 会 的 经 济 和 技 术 援 助 下
， 引 进 系 统 设 备 ， 建 立 示 范 工 程 ， 开 发 先 进
技 术 。 

2 目 标 与 产 出 

总 体 目 标 ： 开 发 和 推 广 生 物 质 能 利 用 技 术 ，
在 未 来 世 纪 ， 逐 步 以 优 质 生 物 质 能 源 产 品 
 固 体 燃 料 、 液 体 燃 料 、 可 燃 气 、 电 、 热 等
形 式 ) 取 代 矿 物 燃 料 ， 缓 解 能 源 短 缺 ， 减 轻
环 境 污 染 。 

方 案 目 标 (1994 年 ～ 2000 年 ) ： 

      提 出 国 家 开 发 生 物 质 能 源 的 发 展 规 划 ； 
      开 发 生 物 质 能 利 用 新 技 术 ， 提 高 生 物 质
      能 利 用 率 ； 
      建 设 生 物 质 能 开 发 与 利 用 示 范 工 程 ， 能
      源 年 生 产 能 力 达 到 10000 吨 油 当 量 。 

3 行 动 

3.1 制 定 全 国 生 物 质 能 开 发 与 利 用 发 展 规 划
与 实 施 方 案 

      开 展 国 内 外 专 家 和 学 者 间 的 技 术 交 流 ，
      进 行 发 展 现 状 和 动 态 的 研 究 ， 建 立 信 息
      网 络 管 理 系 统 ； 
      组 织 专 家 考 察 团 ， 赴 国 外 实 地 考 察 ， 寻
      求 国 际 援 助 
      确 定 技 术 与 设 备 引 进 途 径 ； 
      进 行 全 国 生 物 质 能 资 源 量 、 可 开 发 量 和
      应 用 市 场 的 调 查 ； 
      提 出 我 国 生 物 质 能 的 发 展 规 划 和 实 施 方
      案 。 

期 限 为 12 个 月 。 

3.2 开 发 新 的 生 物 质 能 转 化 技 术 

      在 北 京 市 郊 建 设 生 物 质 裂 解 油 生 产 中 试
      系 统 ： 
      -- 日 处 理 玉 米 秸 2000 公 斤 ， 日 产 燃 油 600
      公 斤 ； 
      -- 系 统 设 备 由 国 外 引 进 。 
      在 上 海 华 东 理 工 大 学 建 设 纤 维 素 废 弃 物
      的 酒 精 化 中 试 系 统 ： 
      -- 利 用 蔗 渣 等 废 弃 物 ， 生 产 酒 精 燃 料 ，
      日 产 量 1000 公 斤 ； 
      -- 生 产 技 术 与 国 外 合 作 研 究 。 

期 限 为 1995 年 1 月 ～ 2000 年 12 月 。 

3.3 建 设 生 物 质 能 源 开 发 与 利 用 示 范 工 程 

      在 辽 宁 营 口 市 建 设 一 座 生 物 质 能 三 联 供
      系 统 示 范 工 程 ： 
      -- 年 处 理 稻 壳 和 秸 秆 6000 吨 ， 生 产 1000 吨
      油 当 量 的 能 源 产 品 ， 包 括 可 燃 气 、 热 能 
      和 电 力 ， 提 供 生 产 和 生 活 用 能 ； 
      -- 由 国 外 引 进 气 化 ， 除 焦 和 发 电 系 统 设
      备 。 
      在 内 蒙 古 扎 赉 特 旗 建 设 一 座 生 物 质 能 源
      联 产 系 统 示 范 工 程 ： 
      -- 利 用 农 业 废 弃 物 、 草 炭 和 褐 煤 资 源 ，
      生 产 优 质 能 源 产 品 ， 年 产 量 约 9000 吨 油
      当 
      量 ， 包 括 可 燃 气 、 液 体 和 固 体 燃 料 以 及
      余 热 、 电 和 甲 醇 等 能 源 产 品 ； 
      -- 引 进 国 外 高 温 裂 解 和 甲 醇 合 成 系 统 。 

实 施 期 限 ： 6 年 。 
本 项 目 由 国 家 计 委 、 国 家 科 委 和 国 家 经 贸 委
组 织 实 施 。 

4 投 入 

4.1 通 过 国 家 有 关 部 门 投 入 的 部 分 

      项 目 管 理 ； 
      国 内 专 家 及 其 他 人 员 、 交 通 、 办 公 设 施
      等 ； 
      成 果 与 资 料 ； 
      工 程 的 国 内 配 套 及 运 行 费 用 。 

4.2 国 际 合 作 与 援 助 的 部 分 

      技 术 交 流 ， 咨 询 与 培 训 ； 
      合 作 研 究 ( 纤 维 素 废 弃 物 酒 精 化 和 甲 醇
      合 成 等 ) ； 
      技 术 引 进 ( 气 化 发 电 、 催 化 气 化 、 高 温
      裂 解 和 液 化 ) 。 

4.3 资 金 预 算 ： 本 项 目 共 需 经 费 1273 万 美 元 。

　

       表 1 按 类 别 投 入 经 费 预 算 表 单 位 ： 万 美 元 

        项 目 
                       国 内 资 金 
                                        国 际 资 金 
                                                        合 计 
                                      赠 款 
                                               贷 款 
    项 目 管 理 
                          10.0


                                                         10.0
    技 术 资 料 
                           1.0
                                       1.0

                                                          2.0
    技 术 考 察 
                           2.0
                                       4.0

                                                          6.0
    技 术 培 训 
                          10.0
                                       10.0

                                                         20.0
       设 备 
                          360.0
                                       55.0
                                                500
                                                        915.0
    工 程 建 设 
                          300.0


                                                        300.0
    专 家 费 用 
                          10.0
                                       10.0

                                                         20.0
       合 计 
                          693.0
                                       80.0
                                               500.0
                                                        1273.0


　

　

                表 2 按 行 动 投 入 经 费 预 算 表 

                                                单 位 ： 万 美 元 

              项 目 
                                 国 内 资 金
                                             国 际 资 金 
                                                          合 计 
                                            赠 款 
                                                   贷 款 
                1
                                    13.0
                                             14.0

                                                          27.0
                2
                                   265.0
                                             28.0
                                                   200.0
                                                          493.0
                3
                                   415.0
                                             38.0
                                                    300
                                                          753.0
             合 计 
                                   693.0
                                             80.0
                                                   500.0
                                                         1273.0


　

以 上 估 算 以 达 到 方 案 目 标 为 基 础 ， 约 需 1273
万 美 元 ( 其 中 用 于 示 范 工 程 700 万 美 元 ) ， 国
内 部 分 为 693 万 美 元 ， 由 国 家 投 入 、 有 关 单
位 筹 集 及 国 内 贷 款 ； 国 际 部 分 580 万 美 元 ，
其 中 赠 款 80 万 美 元 ， 软 贷 款 500 万 美 元 ， 向
国 际 机 构 申 请 援 助 ， 贷 款 和 接 受 外 商 融 资 联
办 。 

5 效 益 

示 范 工 程 的 能 源 效 益 ： 能 源 总 产 量 为 10000 吨
油 当 量 ／ 年 ， 使 生 物 质 能 源 利 用 率 达 40% 以
上 。 
环 境 效 益 ： 示 范 工 程 的 温 室 气 体 (CH4 和 CO2)
减 少 排 放 3.7 万 吨 ／ 年 。 

经 济 效 益 ( 示 范 工 程 ) ： 总 投 资 700 万 美 元 ，
投 资 回 收 年 限 2.3 年 。 社 会 效 益 ： 为 农 民 提
供 新 的 就 业 机 会 ， 改 善 妇 女 儿 童 的 生 活 环 境
， 提 高 农 村 的 社 会 福 利 。 


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