METech 版 (精华区)
发信人: hitter (请稍后...涅磐中), 信区: METech
标 题: mems news (fuel cell).非常有前途,不过不一定要mem
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2004年01月12日08:10:40 星期一), 站内信件
Fuel cells march toward the mainstream
By Charles J. Murray
EE Times
(08/09/02 05:29 p.m. EST)
After years of upping the technological ante, suppliers of micro fuel cells
may finally be preparing to make a bid for the $10 billion-a-year rechargeab
le-battery market.
Their efforts reached a high-water mark this past week, as MTI MicroFuel Cel
ls Inc. (Albany, N.Y.) unveiled a prototype fuel cell that's small enough to
ride piggyback on a cell phone, while offering greater charging potential t
han a lithium ion battery. The technology, said to be manufacturable because
it employs no pumps or water recirculation techniques, could be in producti
on as early as 2004, the company said.
MTI's 90-cubic-centimeter device, reportedly the smallest direct-methanol fu
el cell available, represents another in a succession of fuel cell advances
during the past 12 months. Late last year, scientists at Motorola Labs (Temp
e, Ariz.) demonstrated a prototype of a miniature ceramic-based direct-metha
nol fuel cell, a type that converts methanol fuel directly to electricity. I
n April, Manhattan Scientifics Inc. (Los Alamos, N.M.) unveiled a micro fuel
cell that reportedly offers six to nine times the energy density of lithium
ion batteries. And in May, Medis Technologies Inc. (New York) announced tha
t its engineers had operated a tiny laboratory fuel cell at 0.5 volt and 10,
000 mA-hours continuously for 24 hours. Casio, Toshiba and Samsung have also
announced fuel cell breakthroughs in the past six months.
"There's an intense horse race going on now in the micro fuel cell area," sa
id Gerald Caesar, program manager for the advanced-technology program at the
U.S. Commerce Department's National Institute of Standards and Technology (
NIST), which awarded $4.7 million to MTI for technology development last yea
r. "If these companies can get the cost down, miniaturize the technology and
keep the energy density up, they have a real chance to supplant lithium ion
technology."
Production effort
Fuel cells could represent a major step forward for the electronics industry
, since they could be used as portable chargers for current-generation batte
ries or as power sources for cell phones, personal digital assistants or, ev
entually, laptop computers. There, they could eventually offer charge times
anywhere from two to 10 times as long as lithium ion batteries, now the stan
dard power source for such systems.
"Battery chemistries are reaching a point where it's going to be hard to enh
ance them much more," noted Barry Huret, president of Huret Associates (Yard
ley, Pa.), a battery consultant. "Fuel cells appear to be the next step, but
it's clear that it's not going to be easy getting there."
MTI's announcement of a prototype that's believed to be the smallest direct-
methanol fuel cell yet gave rise to speculation that fuel cells may finally
be nearly ready for prime time. Direct-methanol fuel cells, which convert me
thanol to electricity through the use of a catalyst, are highly sought after
by the electronics industry because they don't convert the methanol to hydr
ogen before creating electricity. That means such products as PDAs and cellu
lar phones wouldn't dissipate much heat and could, therefore, be held in han
d or carried in a pocket.
MTI's prototype also added a new dimension, because the company's scientists
say they have developed a conversion technique using a polymer electrolyte
membrane that can be easily manufactured. Unlike past such techniques, MTI's
system does not need to collect water from the fuel cell's cathode and pump
it back to the anode, vastly simplifying the device's internal components.
MTI's claims of manufacturability were supported by the fact that the compan
y is making obvious efforts to bring its fuel cell out of the lab and into p
roduction. DuPont (Wilmington, Del.), which has made an equity investment in
MTI, is working with the company to develop membrane electrode assemblies a
nd polymer-based conductive plates for use in its fuel cell stack. MTI also
announced last week that it has hired Alan Soucy, a former Philips Electroni
cs executive with experience in laptop and PDA production, to head a Silicon
Valley operation that will develop alliances with the electronics industry.
Long-range potential
Micro fuel cells are said to offer energy densities of 1,000 watt-hour per k
ilogram or greater. By comparison, the best lithium ion batteries now range
from 150 to 300 W-hr/kg. As a result, some scientists believe fuel cells cou
ld boost the span between battery recharges by two, five or even 10 times on
products such as laptops, cell phones and PDAs.
"Depending on the application, we believe that we can get a factor-of-10 imp
rovement in the useful life of a device between recharges," said Bill Acker,
president and chief operating officer of MTI MicroFuel Cells.
MTI and other developers say they first plan to build fuel cell-based batter
y rechargers, which would recharge today's conventional batteries rather tha
n replace them. Ultimately, however, they foresee their products' supplantin
g batteries during the next several years.
"Longer-use devices, such as PDAs and cell phone-PDA combinations, are the m
ost attractive entry point," Acker said. "We're looking at high-end devices
where the users are willing to pay a premium for the device itself, and pay
a premium for longer usage times. When you bring out a product like this, yo
u have to capture those applications first."
Observers say that the technology could be especially important for high-end
cell phones, which are expected to climb from today's power draws of 1 to 3
W, up to as much as 5 W in some cases.
"Once you start adding broadband capabilities to portable devices, you're go
ing to dramatically reduce their run-time," said Caesar of NIST. "Phones cou
ld drop down to as little as half an hour of run-time in a 3G [third-generat
ion cellular] mode."
Using fuel cells instead of batteries to power such products, users would le
ngthen run-times as they shorten recharges. Fuel cells could be recharged si
mply by replacing a methanol fuel cartridge that would range from thumbnail
size to the size of a bar of soap. Developers estimate that such refills wou
ld cost only about $1 apiece, and most of that cost would be contained in th
e plastic enclosure holding the methanol.
Hurdles ahead
Many experts contend, however, that fuel cell technology must cross several
hurdles before it reaches the electronics mainstream. One key area of techni
cal concentration is in their ability to handle temperature extremes as well
as batteries currently do.
"Fuel cell catalysts don't operate very well in the cold, nor do they perfor
m very well in extreme dry climates," said Bob Hockaday, chief fuel cell sci
entist for Manhattan Scientifics. "That's why some of the wild enthusiasm to
put them right into electronic products has died down a little. That may st
ill be a couple of years away."
Experts also say that the dream of fuel cell-based notebook computers may st
ill be a few years out. "If you look at how people use notebook computers, y
ou find that most of them don't run extensively on battery power," said batt
ery consultant Huret. "Most of the time, notebook computers are plugged in,
so the question could come down to how much more it will cost to give consum
ers the extra charge time."
Fuel cell makers say they still don't have a handle on how much the devices
would add to the cost of a cell phone or laptop. As a result, manufacturers
expect their technology to initially come out on higher-end products, where
its cost can be more easily absorbed. They say they also need to tread light
ly in the beginning while they build public confidence.
"The general public and the OEM engineers need to get comfortable with it fi
rst," said Acker of MTI. "The timing of our product rollout is going to be t
ied to developing the proper mind-set."
--
一念不起为坐,见本性不乱为禅;
外不著相,内不乱为定
外禅内定,故名禅定,即时豁然,还得本心…….
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 218.9.121.63]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:10.625毫秒