Math 版 (精华区)
发信人: atong (sut), 信区: Math
标 题: Hilbert的Mathematical Problems演讲前半部4
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年05月06日16:44:31 星期二), 站内信件
To speak of a very different region of research, I remind you of the problem
of three bodies. The fruitful methods and the far-reaching principles which
Poincaré has brought into celestial mechanics and which are today recognized
and applied in practical astronomy are due to the circumstance that he
undertook to treat anew that difficult problem and to approach nearer a
solution.
The two last mentioned problems—that of Fermat and the problem of the three
bodies—seem to us almost like opposite poles—the former a free invention of
pure reason, belonging to the region of abstract number theory, the latter
forced upon us by astronomy and necessary to an understanding of the simplest
fundamental phenomena of nature.
But it often happens also that the same special problem finds application in
the most unlike branches of mathematical knowledge. So, for example, the
problem of the shortest line plays a chief and historically important part in
the foundations of geometry, in the theory of curved lines and surfaces, in
mechanics and in the calculus of variations. And how convincingly has F.
Klein, in his work on the icosahedron, pictured the significance which
attaches to the problem of the regular polyhedra in elementary geometry, in
group theory, in the theory of equations and in that of linear differential
equations.
In order to throw light on the importance of certain problems, I may also
refer to Weierstrass, who spoke of it as his happy fortune that he found at
the outset of his scientific career a problem so important as Jacobi's
problem of inversion on which to work.
Having now recalled to mind the general importance of problems in
mathematics, let us turn to the question from what sources this science
derives its problems. Surely the first and oldest problems in every branch of
mathematics spring from experience and are suggested by the world of external
phenomena. Even the rules of calculation with integers must have been
discovered in this fashion in a lower stage of human civilization, just as
the child of today learns the application of these laws by empirical methods.
The same is true of the first problems of geometry, the problems bequeathed
us by antiquity, such as the duplication of the cube, the squaring of the
circle; also the oldest problems in the theory of the solution of numerical
equations, in the theory of curves and the differential and integral
calculus, in the calculus of variations, the theory of Fourier series and the
theory of potential—to say nothing of the further abundance of problems
properly belonging to mechanics, astronomy and physics.
But, in the further development of a branch of mathematics, the human mind,
encouraged by the success of its solutions, becomes conscious of its
independence. It evolves from itself alone, often without appreciable
influence from without, by means of logical combination, generalization,
specialization, by separating and collecting ideas in fortunate ways, new and
fruitful problems, and appears then itself as the real questioner. Thus arose
the problem of prime numbers and the other problems of number theory,
Galois's theory of equations, the theory of algebraic invariants, the theory
of abelian and automorphic functions; indeed almost all the nicer questions
of modern arithmetic and function theory arise in this way.
In the meantime, while the creative power of pure reason is at work, the
outer world again comes into play, forces upon us new questions from actual
experience, opens up new branches of mathematics, and while we seek to
conquer these new fields of knowledge for the realm of pure thought, we often
find the answers to old unsolved problems and thus at the same time advance
most successfully the old theories. And it seems to me that the numerous and
surprising analogies and that apparently prearranged harmony which the
mathematician so often perceives in the questions, methods and ideas of the
various branches of his science, have their origin in this ever-recurring
interplay between thought and experience.
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