Math 版 (精华区)
发信人: atong (sut), 信区: Math
标 题: Hilbert的Mathematical Problems演讲前半部7
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年05月06日16:50:11 星期二), 站内信件
Occasionally it happens that we seek the solution under insufficient
hypotheses or in an incorrect sense, and for this reason do not succeed. The
problem then arises: to show the impossibility of the solution under the
given hypotheses, or in the sense contemplated. Such proofs of impossibility
were effected by the ancients, for instance when they showed that the ratio
of the hypotenuse to the side of an isosceles right triangle is irrational.
In later mathematics, the question as to the impossibility of certain
solutions plays a preeminent part, and we perceive in this way that old and
difficult problems, such as the proof of the axiom of parallels, the squaring
of the circle, or the solution of equations of the fifth degree by radicals
have finally found fully satisfactory and rigorous solutions, although in
another sense than that originally intended. It is probably this important
fact along with other philosophical reasons that gives rise to the conviction
(which every mathematician shares, but which no one has as yet supported by a
proof) that every definite mathematical problem must necessarily be
susceptible of an exact settlement, either in the form of an actual answer to
the question asked, or by the proof of the impossibility of its solution and
therewith the necessary failure of all attempts. Take any definite unsolved
problem, such as the question as to the irrationality of the Euler-Mascheroni
constant C, or the existence of an infinite number of prime numbers of the
form 2^n + 1. However unapproachable these problems may seem to us and however
helpless we stand before them, we have, nevertheless, the firm conviction
that their solution must follow by a finite number of purely logical
processes.
Is this axiom of the solvability of every problem a peculiarity
characteristic of mathematical thought alone, or is it possibly a general law
inherent in the nature of the mind, that all questions which it asks must be
answerable? For in other sciences also one meets old problems which have been
settled in a manner most satisfactory and most useful to science by the proof
of their impossibility. I instance the problem of perpetual motion. After
seeking in vain for the construction of a perpetual motion machine, the
relations were investigated which must subsist between the forces of nature
if such a machine is to be impossible; and this inverted question led to the
discovery of the law of the conservation of energy, which, again, explained
the impossibility of perpetual motion in the sense originally intended.
This conviction of the solvability of every mathematical problem is a
powerful incentive to the worker. We hear within us the perpetual call: There
is the problem. Seek its solution. You can find it by pure reason, for in
mathematics there is no ignorabimus.
The supply of problems in mathematics is inexhaustible, and as soon as one
problem is solved numerous others come forth in its place. Permit me in the
following, tentatively as it were, to mention particular definite problems,
drawn from various branches of mathematics, from the discussion of which an
advancement of science may be expected.
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