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发信人: wanderer (海王星的小鱼), 信区: Math
标 题: Nonlinear Science FAQ(1)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon May 15 21:28:10 2000), 转信
Basic Theory
[1] What is nonlinear?
In geometry, linearity refers to Euclidean objects: lines, planes, (flat)
three-dimensional space, etc.--these objects appear the same no matter how
we examine them. A nonlinear object, a sphere for example, looks different
on different scales--when looked at closely enough it looks like a plane,
and from a far enough distance it looks like a point.
In algebra, we define linearity in terms of functions that have the property
f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y) and f(ax) = af(x). Nonlinear is defined as the
negation of linear. This means that the result f may be out of proportion to
the input x or y. The result may be more than linear, as when a diode
begins to pass current; or less than linear, as when finite resources
limit Malthusian population growth. Thus the fundamental simplifying tools
of linear analysis are no longer available: for example, for a linear
system, if we have two zeros, f(x) = 0 and f(y) = 0, then we automatically
have a third zero f(x+y) = 0 (in fact there are infinitely many zeros as
well, since linearity implies that f(ax+by) = 0 for any a and b). This is
called the principle of superposition--it gives many solutions from a few.
For nonlinear systems, each solution must be fought for (generally) with
unvarying ardor!
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[2] What is nonlinear science?
Stanislaw Ulam reportedly said (something like) "Calling a science
'nonlinear' is like calling zoology 'the study of non-human animals'. So why
do we have a name that appears to be merely a negative?
Firstly, linearity is rather special, and no model of a real system is truly
linear (you might protest that quantum mechanics is an exception, however
this is at the expense of infinite dimensionality which is just as bad or
worse-- and 'any' finite dimensional nonlinear model can be turned into an
infinite dimensional linear one--e.g. a map x'=f(x) is equivalent to the
linear integral equation p'(x) = integral [ p(y) \delta(x-f(y)) dy ]).
Some things are profitably studied as linear approximations to the real
models--for example the fact that Hooke's law, the linear law of
elasticity (strain is proportional to stress) is approximately valid for a
pendulum of small amplitude implies that its period is approximately
independent of
amplitude. However, as the amplitude gets large the period gets longer, a
fundamental effect of nonlinearity in the pendulum equations (see
<http://monet.physik.unibas.ch/~elmer/pendulum/upend.htm> and [3.10]).
Secondly, nonlinear systems have been shown to exhibit surprising and
complex effects that would never be anticipated by a scientist trained
only in linear techniques. Prominent examples of these include bifurcation,
chaos, and solitons. Nonlinearity has its most profound effects on
dynamical systems (see [2.3]).
Further, while we can enumerate the linear objects, nonlinear ones are
nondenumerable, and as of yet mostly unclassified. We currently have no
general techniques (and very few special ones) for telling whether a
particular nonlinear system will exhibit the complexity of chaos, or the
simplicity of order. Thus since we cannot yet subdivide nonlinear science
into proper subfields, it exists has a whole.
Nonlinear science has applications to a wide variety of fields, from
mathematics, physics, biology, and chemistry, to engineering, economics, and
medicine. This is one of its most exciting aspects--that it brings
researchers from many disciplines together with a common language
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