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发信人: wanderer (海王星的小鱼), 信区: Math
标 题: Nonlinear Sciene FAQ(2)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon May 15 21:28:58 2000), 转信
What is a dynamical system?
A dynamical system consists of an abstract phase space or state space,
whose coordinates describe the dynamical state at any instant; and a
dynamical rule which specifies the immediate future trend of all state
variables, given only the present values of those same state variables.
Mathematically, a dynamical system is described by an initial value
problem.
Dynamical systems are "deterministic" if there is a unique consequent to
every state, and "stochastic" or "random" if there is more than one
consequent chosen from some probability distribution (the "perfect" coin
toss has two consequents with equal probability for each initial
state). Most of nonlinear science--and everything in this FAQ--deals
with deterministic systems.
A dynamical system can have discrete or continuous time. The discrete
case is defined by a map, z_1 = f(z_0), that gives the state z_1
resulting from the initial state z_0 at the next time value. The
continuous case is defined by a "flow", z(t) = \phi_t(z_0), which
gives the state at time t, given that the state was z_0 at time 0. A
smooth flow can be differentiated w.r.t. time to give a differential
equation, dz/dt = F(z). In this case we call F(z) a "vector field," it
gives a vector pointing in the direction of the velocity at every
point in phase space.
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