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发信人: wanderer (海王星的小鱼), 信区: Math
标 题: Nonliear Science FAQ(5)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon May 15 21:30:50 2000), 转信
How are maps related to flows (differential equations)?
Every differential equation gives rise to a map, the time one map,
defined by
advancing the flow one unit of time. This map may or may not be useful.
If the
differential equation contains a term or terms periodic in time, then
the time
T map (where T is the period) is very useful--it is an example of a
Poincare
section. The time T map in a system with periodic terms is also called a
stroboscopic map, since we are effectively looking at the location in
phase
space with a stroboscope tuned to the period T. This map is useful
because it
permits us to dispense with time as a phase space coordinate: the
remaining
remaining
coordinates describe the state completely so long as we agree to
consider the
same instant within every period.
In autonomous systems (no time-dependent terms in the equations), it may
also
be possible to define a Poincare section and again reduce the phase
space
dimension by one. Here the Poincare section is defined not by a fixed
time
interval, but by successive times when an orbit crosses a fixed
surface in
phase space. (Surface here means a manifold of dimension one less than
the
phase space dimension).
However, not every flow has a global Poincare section (e.g. any flow
with an
equilibrium point), which would need to be transverse to every
possible orbit.
Maps arising from stroboscopic sampling or Poincare section of a flow
are
necessarily invertible, because the flow has a unique solution through
any
point in phase space--the solution is unique both forward and backward
in
time. However, noninvertible maps can be relevant to differential
equations:
Poincare maps are sometimes very well approximated by noninvertible
maps. For
example, the Henon map (x,y) -> (-y-a+x^2,bx) with small |b| is close to
the
logistic map, x -> -a+x^2.
It is often (though not always) possible to go backwards, from an
invertible
map to a differential equation having the map as its Poincare map.
This is
called a suspension of the map. One can also do this procedure
approximately
for maps that are close to the identity, giving a flow that approximates
the
map to some order. This is extremely useful in bifurcation theory.
map to some order. This is extremely useful in bifurcation theory.
Note that any numerical solution procedure for a differential initial
value
problem which uses discrete time steps in the approximation is
effectively a
map. This is not a trivial observation; it helps explain for example why
a
continuous-time system which should not exhibit chaos may have numerical
solutions which do
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