Math 版 (精华区)
发信人: wanderer (海王星的小鱼), 信区: Math
标 题: Nonliear Science FAQ(13)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Mon May 15 21:35:22 2000), 转信
What is the minimum phase space dimension for chaos?
This is a slightly confusing topic, since the answer depends on the type
of system considered. First
consider a flow (or system of differential equations). In this case
the Poincare-Bendixson theorem
tells us that there is no chaos in one or two-dimensional phase spaces.
Chaos is possible in
three-dimensional flows--standard examples such as the Lorenz
equations are indeed
three-dimensional, and there are mathematical 3D flows that are provably
chaotic (e.g. the
'solenoid').
Note: if the flow is non-autonomous then time is a phase space
coordinate, so a system with two
physical variables + time becomes three-dimensional, and chaos is
possible (i.e. Forced
second-order oscillators do exhibit chaos.)
For maps, it is possible to have chaos in one dimension, but only if the
map is not invertible. A
prominent example is the Logistic map
x' = f(x) = rx(1-x).
This is provably chaotic for r = 4, and many other values of r as well
(see e.g. #DevaneyDevaney).
Note that every point x < f(1/2) has two preimages, so this map is not
invertible.
For homeomorphisms, we must have at least two-dimensional phase space
for chaos. This is
equivalent to the flow result, since a three-dimensional flow gives rise
to a two-dimensional
homeomorphism by Poincare section
Note that a numerical algorithm for a differential equation is a map,
because time on the computer
is necessarily discrete. Thus numerical solutions of two and even one
dimensional systems of
ordinary differential equations may exhibit chaos. Usually this
results from choosing the size of
the time step too large. For example Euler discretization of the
Logistic differential equation, dx/dt
= rx(1-x), is equivalent to the logistic map. See e.g. S.
Ushiki, "Central difference scheme and chaos," Physica 4D (1982)
407-424.
sica 4D (1982)
407-424.
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