Math 版 (精华区)
发信人: micheal (平凡的世界), 信区: Math
标 题: 数学家简介--Gauss
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Thu May 4 19:07:11 2000), 转信
发信站: 南京大学小百合站 (Wed Nov 10 11:08:38 1999), 转信
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855), German mathematician,
noted for his wide-ranging contributions to physics, particularly
the study of electromagnetism.
Born in Braunschweig on April 30, 1777, Gauss studied ancient languages
in college, but at the age of 17 he became interested in mathematics
and attempted a solution of the classical problem of
constructing a regular heptagon, or seven-sided figure,
with ruler and compass. He not only succeeded in proving this
construction impossible, but went on to give methods of constructing
figures with 17, 257, and 65,537 sides. In so doing he proved
that the construction, with compass and ruler, of a regular
polygon with an odd number of sides was possible only when the number
of sides was a prime number of the series 3, 5, 17, 257, and 65,537
or was a multiple of two or more of these numbers. With this discovery
he gave up his intention to study
languages and turned to mathematics. He studied at the
University of G鰐tingen from 1795 to 1798; for his doctoral
thesis he submitted a proof that every algebraic equation has at least
one root, or solution. This theorem, which had challenged
mathematicians for centuries, is still called
"the fundamental theorem of algebra". His volume on the theory of
numbers, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae (Inquiries into Arithmetic, 1801),
is a classic work in the field
of mathematics.
Gauss next turned his attention to astronomy. A faint planetoid,
Ceres, had been discovered in 1801; and because astronomers thought
it was a planet, they observed it with great interest until losing
sight of it. From the early observations Gauss
calculated its exact position, so that it was easily rediscovered.
He also worked out a new method for calculating the orbits of
heavenly bodies. In 1807 Gauss was appointed professor of mathematics
and director of the observatory at G鰐tingen,
holding both positions until his death there on
February 23, 1855.
Although Gauss made valuable contributions to both theoretical
and practical astronomy, his principal work was in mathematics and
mathematical physics. In theory of numbers, he developed the important
prime-number theorem. He was the first to
develop a non-Euclidean geometry , but Gauss failed to publish
these important findings because he wished to avoid publicity.
In probability theory, he developed the important method of least
squares and the fundamental laws of
probability distribution . The normal probability graph is
still called the Gaussian curve. He made geodetic surveys, and applied
mathematics to geodesy . With the German physicist Wilhelm Eduard Weber,
Gauss did extensive research on magnetism.
His applications of mathematics to both magnetism and
electricity are among his most important works; the unit
of intensity of magnetic fields is today called the gauss.
He also carried out research in
optics, particularly in systems of lenses. Scarcely a branch of
mathematics or mathematical physics was untouched by Gauss.
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