Math 版 (精华区)
发信人: robertfool (海螺==修炼数学==慎戒废忘~~潜龙勿用), 信区: Math
标 题: 学习Polya,学习如何解题(zz)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Tue Sep 6 00:41:20 2005), 转信
(转载说明:精彩的Polya个人简介。
看看真正的数学解题大师是如何解题的,如何把解题系统化艺术化的。
这些其实都应该是我们大一大二甚至更早时候掌握的东西阿,hoho~~~)
(btw,离开bbs一段时间,真真正正解题去。)
(下文 zz http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/polya.html)
George Polya
1887 - 1985
George Polya was a Hungarian who immigrated to the United States in
1940. His major contribution is for his work in problem solving.
Growing up he was very frustrated with the practice of having to
regularly memorize information. He was an excellent problem solver.
Early on his uncle tried to convince him to go into the mathematics
field but he wanted to study law like his late father had. After a
time at law school he became bored with all the legal technicalities
he had to memorize. He tired of that and switched to Biology and the
again switched to Latin and Literature, finally graduating with a
degree. Yet, he tired of that quickly and went back to school and took
math and physics. He found he loved math.
His first job was to tutor Gregor the young son of a baron. Gregor
struggled due to his lack of problem solving skills. Polya (Reimer,
1995) spent hours and developed a method of problem solving that would
work for Gregor as well as others in the same situation. Polya (Long,
1996) maintained that the skill of problem was not an inborn quality
but, something that could be taught.
He was invited to teach in Zurich, Switzerland. There he worked with a
Dr. Weber. One day he met the doctor?s daughter Stella he began to court
her and eventually married her. They spent 67 years together. While
in Switzerland he loved to take afternoon walks in the local garden. One
day he met a young couple also walking and chose another path. He
continued to do this yet he met the same couple six more times as he
strolled in the garden. He mentioned to his wife ?how could it be
possible to meet them so many times when he randomly chose different
paths through the garden?.
He later did experiments that he called the random walk problem. Several
years later he published a paper proving that if the walk continued
long enough that one was sure to return to the starting point.
In 1940 he and his wife moved to the United States because of their
concern for Nazism in Germany (Long, 1996). He taught briefly at Brown
University and then, for the remainder of his life, at Stanford
University. He quickly became well known for his research and
teachings on problem solving. He taught many classes to elementary and
secondary classroom teachers on how to motivate and teach skills to
their students in the area of problem solving.
In 1945 he published the book How to Solve It which quickly became his
most prized publication. It sold over one million copies and has been
translated into 17 languages. In this text he identifies four basic
principles .
Polya?s First Principle: Understand the Problem
This seems so obvious that it is often not even mentioned, yet
students are often stymied in their efforts to solve problems simply
because they don?t understand it fully, or even in part. Polya taught
teachers to ask students questions such as:
Do you understand all the words used in stating the problem?
What are you asked to find or show?
Can you restate the problem in your own words?
Can you think of a picture or a diagram that might help you understand
the problem?
Is there enough information to enable you to find a solution?
Polya?s Second Principle: Devise a plan
Polya mentions (1957) that it are many reasonable ways to solve
problems. The skill at choosing an appropriate strategy is best
learned by solving many problems. You will find choosing a strategy
increasingly easy. A partial list of strategies is included:
Guess and check
Make and orderly list
Eliminate possibilities
Use symmetry
Consider special cases
Use direct reasoning
Solve an equation
Look for a pattern
Draw a picture
Solve a simpler problem
Use a model
Work backward
Use a formula
Be ingenious
Polya?s third Principle: Carry out the plan
This step is usually easier than devising the plan. In general (1957),
all you need is care and patience, given that you have the necessary
skills. Persistent with the plan that you have chosen. If it continues
not to work discard it and choose another. Don?t be misled, this is
how mathematics is done, even by professionals. Polya?s Fourth
Principle: Look back
Polya mentions (1957) that much can be gained by taking the time to
reflect and look back at what you have done, what worked and what
didn?t. Doing this will enable you to predict what strategy to use to
solve future problems.
George Polya went on to publish a two-volume set, Mathematics and
Plausible Reasoning (1954) and Mathematical Discovery (1962). These
texts form the basis for the current thinking in mathematics education
and are as timely and important today as when they were written. Polya
has become known as the father of problem solving.
Contributed by A. Motter
------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
References:
Long, C. T., & DeTemple, D. W., Mathematical reasoning for elementary
teachers. (1996). Reading MA: Addison-Wesley
Reimer, L., & Reimer, W. Mathematicians are people too. (Volume 2).
(1995) Dale Seymour Publications
Polya, G. How to solve it. (1957) Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co.,
Inc.
--
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“诸君谬矣。‘白云本无物,何样惹蓝天?’hoho~~”---- Hoho教教主
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