Microwave 版 (精华区)
发信人: dashou (大兽), 信区: Microwave
标 题: [转贴]全波分析概念辨析!!!
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Dec 5 21:10:59 2004), 转信
Full-wave Electromagnetic simulator FAQ
This FAQ provides some answers to the most common questions about circui
t
simulators and EM simulators. If you can't find the answer for your que
stion
, please send it to blueflyer@my-deja.com I will try to add the question
and answer to this page.
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-
-------
[Q] What is Full-Wave Electromagnetic simulator?
[A] Full-wave Electromagnetic (EM) simulator is a computer program for s
imulatin
g
the EM wave propagation subject to different boundary conditions (diffe
rent
geometries). The full-wave simulator solves the Maxwell's equations eit
her
in frequency domain or in time domain.
[Q] Why we need Full-Wave Electromagnetic simulator?
[A] The law of natural tells us that the behavior of an object depends o
n
the electrical size instead of physical size. Suppose we have a piece o
f
metal of arbitrary shape. For very low frequencies (with respect to the
size of the metal), the voltage and current are approximately the same.
But
when the frequency becomes higher, the behavior of the metal becomes ve
ry
complicated. A good example is a piece of metal with a cross on top of
a
ground plane. Depending on the frequency, this configuration can be a s
hort
circuit, a low-pass filter, or even an antenna. Since it's not easy to
predict
the high-frequency behavior by looking at it directly, a full-wave simu
lator
which directly solves the Maxwell equations is necessary.
[Q] It seems Full-Wave Electromagnetic simulators are getting popular th
ese
days, are they new?
[A] No, they are probably older than your father. The Full-wave methods
have
been there for many years.
[Q] If they have been around for a long time, why weren't they widely us
ed
before?
[A] The reason is very simple -- computer technology. Full-wave EM simul
ators
require lots of computational powers and resources which were not avail
able
cheaply 10 years ago.
[Q] Is there Half-wave Electromagnetic simulator?
[A] Probably not. But there are some other types of methods such like qu
asi
-static analysis which simplifies the circuit by its static behavior and
extends the static model to high frequency. These methods were popular t
wenty
years ago but the accuracy depends on many factors (which means it's no
t
easy to do).
[Q] How about popular software packages such like EEsof Libra and MDS? t
hey
can do high frequency simulation too!
[A] The popular simulators such like Libra and MDS are what EM society r
eferred
as circuit simulators. This type of simulators treats a component as a
network
of lumped element (capacitor, inductor, resistor...) in time domain or
frequenc
y
domain. By connecting all the components with their network expressions
,
the response of the entire circuit can be obtained by solving the resul
tant
network. The advantage of this method is that it is much faster than so
lving
the circuit using full-wave simulators.
[Q] I am confused! You said the circuit simulators replace the circuit c
omponent
s
by their network expression, then why I need full-wave simulator?
[A] The question is how do we obtain the network expression for each com
ponent
? There are several ways, one way is to measure circuits with various pa
rameters
and then find the network expression. You can easily see how much effor
t
and money have to be put there to get an accurate network expression. A
nother
way is use the full-wave simulator and let the computer do it!!
[Q] So does that mean the circuit simulator must have the network expres
sion
before we can use it to simulate the circuit?
[A] You've got it!!
[Q] Now I understand, if the circuit components that I want to use can n
ot
be found in the circuit simulator's library, then I must use EM simulat
or
to get the network expression!
[A] Not necessasarily, you can try to find the formula or equivalent cir
cuit
expression from somewhere and put those into the circuit simulator. If
you
can't find reliable one, then the good way is to use EM simulator to ob
tain
the network expression (which is easier than building thousands of circ
uits
and measuring those).
[Q] What's the advantage and disadvantage for both circuit simulator and
EM simulator?
[A] This will be general only, don't be too picky!
Circuit Simulator -- Much faster, can do linear, nonlinear simulations,
optimiza
tions
. But its accuracy depends on the circuit component models, and it might
have problem for the circuits with strong coupling and radiation.
EM simulator -- Slow, computationally hungry, may have problem for large
circuits. But it's more accurate!
[Q] Do I need to have both simulators?
[A] This is the most common question people ask! The answer is that both
simulators are necessary for a sophisticated high-frequency circuit desi
gn
!! But if you are only designing circuits with very traditional circuit
componen
ts
for which you can easily find in circuit simulator, and then you might
not
need EM simulator. But if you are only designing non-traditional compon
ents
for which you can't find in the circuit simulator, then what you need i
s
an EM simulator
[Q] If I only use the circuit provided by the circuit simulator, no non-
traditio
nal
circuit components, then I don't have to use EM simulator, is this corr
ect
?
[A] Yes, if you can make sure that you will never use non-traditional ci
rcuit
components and the circuit components are placed far enough and no hous
ing
, crosstalk effects..... Also you have to be careful about the accuracy
of
the circuit component models since most of the models have limitations
such
as they are only valid within a certain frequency range, for some certa
in
substrate thicknesses and dielectric constants. Be sure to check the ma
nual
came with the circuit simulator. If you can not be so sure that the mod
el
is valid for your purpose, EM simulator is necessary for getting the in
formatio
n
!
[Q] Can you show some real examples on the necessity of full-wave simula
tor
?
[A] Sure, there are tons of them. One example is that one day I was sitt
ing
in a talk; the speaker was working in a very famous semiconductor compa
ny
doing power amplifier design. PA design is typically very difficult, bu
t
he mentioned that he simulated the entire circuit thoroughly using full
-
wave simulations to take all the parasitic effects into account and put
all
the info into circuit simulator. The result was quite good compared to
measured
result. Another example that I heard is an EM guy joined an RFIC resear
ch
group and discovered that all the planar spiral inductors (on CMOS) tha
t
the group used before were all wrong since they didn't use full-wave si
mulator
, and the measurements showed the same thing.
[Q] So what's the conclusion?
[A] Full-wave simulator simulates the EM wave propagating in the circuit
(usually a small portion of the entire big circuit) and gets the solutio
n
. Circuit simulator uses the information obtained from full-wave simulat
or
and connects hundreds of them to get the solution for the entire circui
t
!! Which one to choose depends on the circuits you are designing!!
--
※ 修改:·dashou 于 Dec 5 21:11:27 修改本文·[FROM: 202.118.250.203]
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.250.203]
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