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发信人: heat (heat@给你的热量), 信区: NanoST
标 题: Discovery of CNTs - Guided by serndipity-byIijima
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2004年04月08日05:37:36 星期四), 站内信件
http://www.labs.nec.co.jp/Eng/innovative/E1/01.html
The discovery of carbon nanotubes - Guided by serendipity
It all started in 1971, when I developed the world's first high-resolution e
lectron microscope at Arizona State University. In the 1970s, I had the oppo
rtunity to study many different types of carbon materials. In 1980, I announ
ced that I had seen "spherical graphite*," in a research paper I wrote relat
ed to carbon. I noticed that among the various forms of graphite, there were
"onion-shaped" particles about 0.8 - 1 nanometer in diameter, and commented
in my paper that "In order to explain the onion-like formation of this sphe
rical graphite, in addition to hexagonal carbon graphenes**, 12 pentagonal g
raphenes were also required." This onion-like structure is in fact the fulle
rene (carbon-60 or C60) discovered in 1985 by Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Sm
alley, and Robert F. Curl. At the time of that discovery, this fact was over
looked.
* Graphite is a flat crystal layer in which carbon molecules are arranged in
a hexagonal shape. It is used in pencil lead and as a fiber in golf clubs a
nd tennis racquets.
** "Hexagonal Graphene" refers to the state in which the molecules are arran
ged at the six apexes of a hexagon.
Based in part on this experience, when I heard about the discovery of C60 in
1985, I thought to myself, "So THAT was the onion-like structure that I saw
." At the same time, I gained a new interest in the ways in which molecular
structures with a perfect symmetrical shape like C60 are created.
From 1987, when I began working at NEC's Fundamental Research Laboratories,
I decided to once again study these "onions" to reconfirm the research that
I had conducted five years before.
Shortly after I began studying these onion structures, however, my attention
was drawn not to C60, which demonstrated this onion structure, but rather t
o a needle-shaped material that appeared nearby. In the large-scale synthesi
s, using a method announced in 1990, C60 is generated using discharge from t
wo carbon electrode rods (the arc discharge method). Within the soot that bu
ilt up above the negative carbon pole, however, I found a needle-shaped mate
rial that had never been seen before. This needle-shaped material is the mat
erial to which I later gave the name "carbon nanotube."
>>See the Story Behind the Name
At the time, this discovery was seen as something of a "product of coinciden
ce", but I prefer to think of this as necessity rather than coincidence. The
thing that became clear to me when I saw this needle-shaped material was th
e connection between two factors: that one part of the theme of my doctoral
thesis was the "needle crystals of silver," and that the asbestos which an a
ssistant professor in the same laboratory at that time had been studying usi
ng an electron microscope had a tube-like crystal structure. In other words,
that discovery was not simply "coincidence" - it was the power of "serendip
ity."
"Serendipity" is defined as "the ability to find valuable things," or "the f
aculty of discovery." I believe that I naturally came to have this ability t
hrough skills in using electron microscopes, which I had cultivated over man
y years, through my continued experience in working with carbon and my invol
vement with mineralogy in the United States, and, more than anything else, m
y strong determination to pursue research in unknown materials, for which th
e structures had not yet been clarified. Carbon nanotubes are nothing more t
han one of the things that I discovered through this continued process of se
arching for the truth
--
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认识我的人都说我有"cai 气",
可惜不是这个"财",也不是这个"才",
是材料的"材"!
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