Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: PeterWang (PW), 信区: Physics
标 题: Richard P.Feynman - The Meaning of It All(3)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月01日07:55:58 星期一), 站内信件
Is science of any value?
I think a power to do something is of value.Whether the result is a good
thing or a bad thing depends on how it is used, but the power is a
value.
Once in Hawaii I was taken to see a Buddhist temple. In the temple a man
said, "I am going to tell you something that you will never forget."
And then he said, "To every man is given the key to the gates of heaven.
The same key opens the gates of hell."
And so it is with science. In a way it is a key to the gates of heaven,
and the same key opens the gates of hell, and we do not have any
instructions as to which is which gate. Shall we throw away the key
and never have a way to enter the gates of heaven? Or shall we
struggle with the problem of which is the best way to use the key?
That is, of course, a very serious question, but I think that we
cannot deny the value of the key to the gates of heaven.
All the major problems of the relations between society and science
lie in this same area. When the scientist is told that he must be more
responsible for his effects on society, it is the applications of
science that are referred to. If you work to develop nuclear energy
you must realize also that it can be used harmfully. Therefore, you
would expect that, in a discussion of this kind by a scientist, this
would be the most important topic. But I will not talk about it further.
I think that to say these are scientific problems is an exaggeration.
They are far more humanitarian problems. The fact that how to work the
power is clear, but how to control it is not, is something not so
scientific and is not something that the scientist knows so much about.
Let me illustrate why I do not want to talk about this. Some time ago,
in about 1949 or 1950, I went to Brazil to teach physics. There was a
Point Four program in those days, which was very exciting-everyone was
going to help the underdeveloped countries. What they needed, of course,
was technical know-how.
In Brazil I lived in the city of Rio. In Rio there are hills on which
are homes made with broken pieces of wood from old signs and so forth.
The people are extremely poor. They have no sewers and no water. In
order to get water they carry old gasoline cans on their heads down
the hills. They go to a place where a new building is being built,
because there they have water for mixing cement. The people fill their
cans with water and carry them up the hills. And later you see the water
dripping down the hill in dirty sewage. It is a pitiful thing.
Right next to these hills are the exciting buildings of the Copacabana
beach, beautiful apartments, and so on.
And I said to my friends in the Point Four program, "Is this a problem
of technical know-how? They don't know how to put a pipe up the hill?
They don't know how to put a pipe to the top of the hill so that the
people can at least walk uphill with the empty cans and downhill with
the full cans?"
So it is not a problem of technical know-how. Certainly not, because
in the neighboring apartment buildings there are pipes, and there are
pumps. We realize that now. Now we think it is a problem of economic
assistance, and we do not know whether that really works or not. And the
question of how much it costs to put a pipe and a pump to the top of
each of the hills is not one that seems worth discussing, to me.
Although we do not know how to solve the problem, I would like to
point out that we tried two things, technical know-how and economic
assistance. We are discouraged with them both, and we are trying
something else. As you will see later, I find this encouraging. I
think that to keep trying new solutions is the way to do everything.
Those, then are the practical aspects of science, the new things that
you can do. They are so obvious that we do not need to speak about
them further.
The next aspect of science is its contents, the things that have been
found out. This is the yield. This is the gold. This is the excitement,
the pay you get for all the disciplined thinking and hard work. The
work is not done for the sake of an application. It is done for the
excitement of what is found out. Perhaps most of you know this. But to
those of you who do not know it, it is almost impossible for me to
convey in a lecture this important aspect, this exciting part, the
real reason for science. And without understanding this you miss the
whole point. You cannot understand science and its relation to
anything else unless you understand and appreciate the great adventure
of our time. You do not live in your time unless you understand that
this is a tremendous adventure and a wild and exciting thing.
Do you think it is dull? It isn't. It is most difficult to convey, but
perhaps I can give some idea of it. Let me start anywhere, with any
idea.
For instance, the ancients believed that the earth was the back of an
elephant that stood on a tortoise that swam in a bottomless sea. Of
course, what held up the sea was another question. They did not know the
answer.
The belief of the ancients was the result of imagination. It was a
poetic and beautiful idea. Look at the way we see it today. Is that a
dull idea? The world is a spinning ball, and people are held on it on
all sides, some of them upside down. And we turn like a spit in front of
a great fire. We whirl around the sun. That is more romantic, more
exciting. And what holds us? The force of gravitation, which is not only
a thing of the earth but is the thing that makes the earth round in the
first place, holds the sun together and keeps us running around the sun
in our perpetual attempt to stay away. This gravity holds its sway
not only on the stars but between the stars; it holds them in the
great galaxies for miles and miles in all directions.
This universe has been described by many, but it just goes on, with
its edge as unknown as the bottom of the bottomless sea of the other
idea-just as mysterious, just as awe-inspiring, and just as incomplete
as the poetic pictures that came before.
But see that the imagination of nature is far, far greater than the
imagination of man. No one who did not have some inkling of this through
observations could ever have imagined such a marvel as nature is.
Or the earth and time. Have you read anywhere, by any poet, anything
about time that compares with real time, with the long, slow process
of evolution? Nay, I went too quickly. First, there was the earth
without anything alive on it. For billions of years this ball was
spinning with its sunsets and its waves and the sea and the noises,
and there was no thing alive to appreciate it. Can you conceive, can you
appreciate or fit into your ideas what can be the meaning of a world
without a living thing on it? We are so used to looking at the world
from the point of view of living things that we cannot understand what
it means not to be alive, and yet most of the time the world had nothing
alive on it. And in most places in the universe today there probably is
nothing alive.
Or life itself. The internal machinery of life, the chemistry of the
parts, is something beautiful. And it turns out that all life is
interconnected with all other life. There is a part of chlorophyll, an
important chemical in the oxygen processes in plants, that has a kind of
square pattern; it is a rather pretty ring called a benzine ring. And
far removed from the plants are animals like ourselves, and in our
oxygen-containing systems, in the blood, the hemoglobin, there are the
same interesting and peculiar square rings. There is iron in the
center of them instead of magnesium, so they are not green but red,
but they are the same rings.
The proteins of bacteria and the proteins of humans are the same. In
fact it has recently been found that the protein-making machinery in the
bacteria can be given orders from material from the red cells to
produce red cell proteins. So close is life to life. The universality of
the deep chemistry of living things is indeed a fantastic and beautiful
thing. And all the time we human beings have been too proud even to
recognize our kinship with the animals.
Or there are the atoms. Beautiful-mile upon mile of one ball after
another ball in some repeating pattern in a crystal. Things that look
quiet and still, like a glass of water with a covered top that has
been sitting for several days, are active all the time; the atoms are
leaving the surface, bouncing around inside, and coming back. What looks
still to our crude eyes is a wild and dynamic dance.
And, again, it has been discovered that all the world is made of the
same atoms, that the stars are of the same stuff as ourselves. It then
becomes a question of where our stuff came from. Not just where did life
come from, or where did the earth come from, but where did the stuff of
life and of the earth come from? It looks as if it was belched from
some exploding star, much as some of the stars are exploding now. So
this piece of dirt waits four and a half billion years and evolves and
changes, and now a strange creature stands here with instruments and
talks to the strange creatures in the audience. What a wonderful
world!
Or take the physiology of human beings. It makes no difference what I
talk about. If you look closely enough at anything, you will see that
there is nothing more exciting than the truth, the pay dirt of the
scientist, discovered by his painstaking efforts.
In physiology you can think of pumping blood, the exciting movements
of a girl jumping a jump rope. What goes on inside? The blood pumping,
the interconnecting nerves-how quickly the influences of the muscle
nerves feed right back to the brain to say, "Now we have touched the
ground, now increase the tension so I do not hurt the heels." And as the
girl dances up and down, there is another set of muscles that is fed
from another set of nerves that says, "One, two, three, O'Leary, one,
two, ..." And while she does that, perhaps she smiles at the professor
of physiology who is watching her. That is involved, too!
And then electricity The forces of attraction, of plus and minus, are so
strong that in any normal substance all the plusses and minuses are
carefully balanced out, everything pulled together with everything else.
For a long time no one even noticed the phenomenon of electricity,
except once in a while when they rubbed a piece of amber and it
attracted a piece of paper. And yet today we find, by playing with these
things, that we have a tremendous amount of machinery inside. Yet
science is still not thoroughly appreciated.
To give an example, I read Faraday's Chemical History of a Candle, a set
of six Christmas lectures for children. The point of Faraday's lectures
was that no matter what you look at, if you look at it closely enough,
you are involved in the entire universe. And so he got, by looking at
every feature of the candle, into combustion, chemistry, etc. But the
introduction of the book, in describing Faraday's life and some of his
discoveries, explained that he had discovered that the amount of
electricity necessary to perform electrolysis of chemical substances
is proportional to the number of atoms which are separated divided by
the valence. It further explained that the principles he discovered
are used today in chrome plating and the anodic coloring of aluminum, as
well as in dozens of other industrial applications. I do not like
that statement. Here is what Faraday said about his own discovery:
"The atoms of matter are in some ways endowed or associated with
electrical powers, to which they owe their most striking qualities,
amongst them their mutual chemical affinity." He had discovered that the
thing that determined how the atoms went together, the thing that
determined the combinations of iron and oxygen which make iron oxide
is that some of them are electrically plus and some of them are
electrically minus, and they attract each other in definite proportions.
He also discovered that electricity comes in units, in atoms. Both were
important discoveries, but most exciting was that this was one of the
most dramatic moments in the history of science, one of those rare
moments when two great fields come together and are unified. He suddenly
found that two apparently different things were different aspects of
the same thing. Electricity was being studied, and chemistry was being
studied. Suddenly they were two aspects of the same thing-chemical
changes with the results of electrical forces. And they are still
understood that way. So to say merely that the principles are used in
chrome plating is inexcusable.
And the newspapers, as you know, have a standard line for every
discovery made in physiology today: "The discoverer said that the
discovery may have uses in the cure of cancer." But they cannot
explain the value of the thing itself.
Trying to understand the way nature works involves a most terrible
test of human reasoning ability. It involves subtle trickery,
beautiful tightropes of logic on which one has to walk in order not to
make a mistake in predicting what will happen. The quantum mechanical
and the relativity ideas are examples of this.
The third aspect of my subject is that of science as a method of finding
things out. This method is based on the principle that observation is
the judge of whether something is so or not. All other aspects and
characteristics of science can be understood directly when we understand
that observation is the ultimate and final judge of the truth of an
idea. But "prove" used in this way really means "test," in the same
way that a hundred-proof alcohol is a test of the alcohol, and for
people today the idea really should be translated as, "The exception
tests the rule." Or, put another way, "The exception proves that the
rule is wrong." That is the principle of science. If there is an
exception to any rule, and if it can be proved by observation, that rule
is wrong.
The exceptions to any rule are most interesting in themselves, for
they show us that the old rule is wrong. And it is most exciting, then,
to find out what the right rule, if any, is. The exception is studied,
along with other conditions that produce similar effects. The scientist
tries to find more exceptions and to determine the characteristics of
the exceptions, a process that is continually exciting as it develops.
He does not try to avoid showing that the rules are wrong; there is
progress and excitement in the exact opposite. He tries to prove himself
wrong as quickly as possible.
The principle that observation is the judge imposes a severe
limitation to the kind of questions that can be answered. They are
limited to questions that you can put this way: "if I do this, what will
happen?" There are ways to try it and see. Questions like, "should I do
this?" and "what is the value of this?" are not of the same kind.
But if a thing is not scientific, if it cannot be subjected to the
test of observation, this does not mean that it is dead, or wrong, or
stupid. We are not trying to argue that science is somehow good and
other things are somehow not good. Scientists take all those things that
can be analyzed by observation, and thus the things called science
are found out. But there are some things left out, for which the
method does not work. This does not mean that those things are
unimportant. They are, in fact, in many ways the most important. In
any decision for action, when you have to make up your mind what to do,
there is always a "should" involved, and this cannot be worked out from
"if I do this, what will happen?" alone. You say, "Sure, you see what
will happen, and then you decide whether you want it to happen or not.
" But that is the step the scientist cannot take. You can figure out
what is going to happen, but then you have to decide whether you like it
that way or not.
--
爱情就像暴风雨一样,当它来临的时候,我们大家谁都没有准备好
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.247.27]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:209.086毫秒