Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: PeterWang (PW), 信区: Physics
标 题: Richard P.Feynman - The Meaning of It All(6)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月01日08:00:31 星期一), 站内信件
Science makes, indeed, an impact on many ideas associated with religion,
but I do not believe it affects, in any very strong way, the moral
conduct and ethical views. Religion has many aspects. It answers all
kinds of questions. I would, however, like to emphasize three aspects.
The first is that it tells what things are and where they came from
and what man is and what God is and what properties God has and so on.
I'd like, for the purposes of this discussion, to call those the
metaphysical aspects of religion.
And then it says how to behave. I don't mean in the terms of
ceremonies or rituals or things like that, but I mean how to behave in
general, in a moral way. This we could call the ethical aspect of
religion.
And finally, people are weak. It takes more than the right conscience to
produce right behavior. And even though you may feel you know what
you are supposed to do, you all know that you don't do things the way
you would like yourself to do them. And one of the powerful aspects of
religion is its inspirational aspects. Religion gives inspiration to act
well. Not only that, it gives inspiration to the arts and to many other
activities of human beings.
Now these three aspects of religion are very closely interconnected,
in the religion's view. First of all, it usually goes something like
this: that the moral values are the word of God. Being the word of God
connects the ethical and metaphysical aspects of religion. And finally,
that also inspires the inspiration, because if you are working for
God and obeying God's will, you are in some way connected to the
universe, your actions have a meaning in the greater world, and that
is an inspiring aspect. So these three aspects are very well
integrated and interconnected. The difficulty is that science
occasionally conflicts with the first two categories, that is with the
ethical and with the metaphysical aspects of religion.
There was a big struggle when it was discovered that the earth rotates
on its axis and goes around the sun. It was not supposed to be the
case according to the religion of the time. There was a terrible
argument and the outcome was, in that case, that religion retreated from
the position that the earth stood at the center of the universe. But at
the end of the retreat there was no change in the moral viewpoint of
the religion. There was another tremendous argument when it was found
likely that man descended from the animals. Most religions have
retreated once again from the metaphysical position that it wasn't true.
The result is no particular change in the moral view. You see that
the earth moves around the sun, yes, then does that tell us whether it
is or is not good to turn the other cheek? It is this conflict
associated with these metaphysical aspects that is doubly difficult
because the facts conflict. Not only the facts, but the spirits
conflict. Not only are there difficulties about whether the sun does
or doesn't rotate around the earth, but the spirit or attitude toward
the facts is also different in religion from what it is in science.
The uncertainty that is necessary in order to appreciate nature is not
easily correlated with the feeling of certainty in faith, which is
usually associated with deep religious belief. I do not believe that the
scientist can have that same certainty of faith that very deeply
religious people have. Perhaps they can. I don't know. I think that it
is difficult. But anyhow it seems that the metaphysical aspects of
religion have nothing to do with the ethical values, that the moral
values seem somehow to be outside of the scientific realm. All these
conflicts don't seem to affect the ethical value.
I just said that ethical values lie outside the scientific realm. I have
to defend that, because many people think the other way. They think
that scientifically we should get some conclusions about moral values.
I have several reasons for that. You see, if you don't have a good
reason, you have to have several reasons, so I have four reasons to
think that moral values lie outside the scientific realm. First, in
the past there were conflicts. The metaphysical positions have changed,
and there have been practically no effects on the ethical views. So
there must be a hint that there is an independence.
Second, I already pointed out that, I think at least, there are good men
who practice Christian ethics and don't believe in the divinity of
Christ. Incidentally, I forgot to say earlier that I take a provincial
view of religion. I know that there are many people here who have
religions that are not Western religions. But in a subject as broad as
this it is better to take a special example, and you have to just
translate to see how it looks if you are an Arab or a Buddhist, or
whatever.
The third thing is that, as far as I know in the gathering of scientific
evidence, there doesn't seem to be anywhere, anything that says whether
the Golden Rule is a good one or not. I don't have any evidence of it
on the basis of scientific study.
And finally I would like to make a little philosophical argument-this
I'm not very good at, but I would like to make a little philosophical
argument to explain why theoretically I think that science and moral
questions are independent. The common human problem, the big question,
always is "Should I do this?" It is a question of action. "What should I
do? Should I do this?" And how can we answer such a question? We can
divide it into two parts. We can say, "If I do this what will happen?"
That doesn't tell me whether I should do this. We still have another
part, which is "Well, do I want that to happen?" In other words, the
first question-"If I do this what will happen?"-is at least
susceptible to scientific investigation; in fact, it is a typical
scientific question. It doesn't mean we know what will happen. Far
from it. We never know what is going to happen. The science is very
rudimentary. But, at least it is in the realm of science we have a
method to deal with it. The method is "Try it and see"-we talked about
that-and accumulate the information and so on. And so the question "If I
do it what will happen?" is a typically scientific question. But the
question "Do I want this to happen"-in the ultimate moment-is not. Well,
you say, if I do this, I see that everybody is killed, and, of course,
I don't want that. Well, how do you know you don't want people
killed? You see, at the end you must have some ultimate judgment.
You could take a different example. You could say, for instance, "If I
follow this economic policy, I see there is going to be a depression,
and, of course, I don't want a depression." Wait. You see, only
knowing that it is a depression doesn't tell you that you do not want
it. You have then to judge whether the feelings of power you would get
from this, whether the importance of the country moving in this
direction is better than the cost to the people who are suffering. Or
maybe there would be some sufferers and not others. And so there must at
the end be some ultimate judgment somewhere along the line as to what
is valuable, whether people are valuable, whether life is valuable. Deep
in the end-you may follow the argument of what will happen further
and further along-but ultimately you have to decide "Yeah, I want
that" or "No, I don't." And the judgment there is of a different nature.
I do not see how by knowing what will happen alone it is possible to
know if ultimately you want the last of the things. I believe,
therefore, that it is impossible to decide moral questions by the
scientific technique, and that the two things are independent.
Now the inspirational aspect, the third aspect of religion, is what I
would like to turn to, and that brings me to a central question that I
would like to ask you all, because I have no idea of the answer. The
source of inspiration today, the source of strength and comfort in any
religion, is closely knit with the metaphysical aspects. That is, the
inspiration comes from working for God, from obeying His will, and so
on. Now an emotional tie expressed in this manner, the strong feeling
that you are doing right, is weakened when the slightest amount of doubt
is expressed as to the existence of God. So when a belief in God is
uncertain, this particular method of obtaining inspiration fails. I
don't know the answer to this problem, the problem of maintaining the
real value of religion as a source of strength and of courage to most
men while at the same time not requiring an absolute faith in the
metaphysical system. You may think that it might be possible to invent a
metaphysical system for religion which will state things in such a
way that science will never find itself in disagreement. But I do not
think that it is possible to take an adventurous and ever-expanding
science that is going into an unknown, and to tell the answer to
questions ahead of time and not expect that sooner or later, no matter
what you do, you will find that some answers of this kind are wrong.
So I do not think that it is possible to not get into a conflict if
you require an absolute faith in metaphysical aspects, and at the same
time I don't understand how to maintain the real value of religion for
inspiration if we have some doubt as to that. That's a serious problem.
Western civilization, it seems to me, stands by two great heritages. One
is the scientific spirit of adventure- the adventure into the unknown,
an unknown that must be recognized as unknown in order to be explored,
the demand that the unanswerable mysteries of the universe remain
unanswered, the attitude that all is uncertain. To summarize it:
humility of the intellect.
The other great heritage is Christian ethics-the basis of action on
love, the brotherhood of all men, the value of the individual, the
humility of the spirit. These two heritages are logically, thoroughly
consistent. But logic is not all. One needs one's heart to follow an
idea. If people are going back to religion, what are they going back to?
Is the modern church a place to give comfort to a man who doubts God?
More, one who disbelieves in God? Is the modern church the place to give
comfort and encouragement to the value of such doubts? So far,
haven't we drawn strength and comfort to maintain the one or the other
of these consistent heritages in a way which attacks the values of the
other? Is this unavoidable? How can we draw inspiration to support these
two pillars of Western civilization so that they may stand together
in full vigor, mutually unafraid? That, I don't know. But that, I think,
is the best I can do on the relationship of science and religion, the
religion which has been in the past and still is, therefore, a source of
moral code as well as inspiration to follow that code.
Today we find, as always, a conflict between nations, in particular a
conflict between the two great sides, Russia and the United States. I
insist that we are uncertain of our moral views. Different people have
different ideas of what is right and wrong. If we are uncertain of our
ideas of what is right and wrong, how can we choose in this conflict?
Where is the conflict? With economic capitalism versus government
control of economics, is it absolutely clear and perfectly important
which side is right? We must remain uncertain. We may be pretty sure
that capitalism is better than government control, but we have our own
government controls. We have 52 percent; that is the corporate income
tax control.
There are arguments between religion on the one hand, usually meant to
represent our country, and atheism on the other hand, supposed to
represent the Russians. Two points of view-they are only two points of
view-no way to decide. There is a problem of human values, or the
value of the state, the question of how to deal with crimes against
the state-different points of view-we can only be uncertain. Do we
have a real conflict? There is perhaps some progress of dictatorial
government toward the confusion of democracy and the confusion of
democracy toward somewhat more dictatorial government. Uncertainty
apparently means no conflict. How nice. But I don't believe it. I
think there is a definite conflict. I think that Russia represents
danger in saying that the solution to human problems is known, that
all effort should be for the state, for that means there is no novelty.
The human machine is not allowed to develop its potentialities, its
surprises, its varieties, its new solutions for difficult problems,
its new points of view.
The government of the United States was developed under the idea that
nobody knew how to make a government, or how to govern. The result is to
invent a system to govern when you don't know how. And the way to
arrange it is to permit a system, like we have, wherein new ideas can be
developed and tried out and thrown away. The writers of the
Constitution knew of the value of doubt. In the age that they lived, for
instance, science had already developed far enough to show the
possibilities and potentialities that are the result of having
uncertainty, the value of having the openness of possibility. The fact
that you are not sure means that it is possible that there is another
way some day. That openness of possibility is an opportunity. Doubt
and discussion are essential to progress. The United States government,
in that respect, is new, it's modern, and it is scientific. It is all
messed up, too. Senators sell their votes for a dam in their state and
discussions get all excited and lobbying replaces the minority's
chance to represent itself, and so forth. The government of the United
States is not very good, but it, with the possible exception the
government of England, is the greatest government on the earth today, is
the most satisfactory, the most modern, but not very good.
Russia is a backward country. Oh, it is technologically advanced. I
described the difference between what I like to call the science and
technology. It does not apparently seem, unfortunately, that engineering
and technological development are not consistent with suppressed new
opinion. It appears, at least in the days of Hitler, where no new
science was developed, nevertheless rockets were made, and rockets
also can be made in Russia. I am sorry to hear that, but it is true that
technological development, the applications of science, can go on
without the freedom. Russia is backward because it has not learned
that there is a limit to government power. The great discovery of the
Anglo-Saxons is-they are not the only people who thought of it, but,
to take the later history of the long struggle of the idea-that there
can be a limit to government power. There is no free criticism of
ideas in Russia. You say, "Yes, they discuss anti-Stalinism." Only in
a definite form. Only to a definite extent. We should take advantage
of this. Why don't we discuss anti-Stalinism too? Why don't we point out
all the troubles we had with that gentleman? Why don't we point out the
dangers that there are in a government that can have such a thing
grow inside itself? Why don't we point out the analogies between the
Stalinism that is being criticized inside of Russia and the behavior
that is going on at the very same moment inside Russia? Well, all right,
all right. . .
Now, I get excited, see. . . . It's only emotion. I shouldn't do that,
because we should do this more scientifically. I won't convince you very
well unless I make believe that it is a completely rational,
unprejudiced scientific argument.
I only have a little experience in those countries. I visited Poland,
and I found something interesting. The Polish people, of course, are
freedom-loving people, and they are under the influence of the Russians.
They can't publish what they want, but at the time when I was there,
which was a year ago, they could say what they wanted, strangely enough,
but not publish anything. And so we would have very lively
discussions in public places on all sides of various questions. The most
striking thing to remember about Poland, by the way, is that they
have had an experience with Germany which is so deep and so
frightening and so horrible that they cannot possibly forget it. And,
therefore, all of their attitudes in foreign affairs have to do with a
fear of the resurgence of Germany. And I thought while I was there of
the terrible crime that would be the result of a policy on the part of
the free countries which would permit once again the development of that
kind of a thing in that country. Therefore, they accept Russia.
Therefore, they explained to me, you see, the Russians definitely are
holding down the East Germans. There is no way that the East Germans are
going to have any Nazis. And there is no question that the Russians can
control them. And so at least there is that buffer. And the thing
that struck me as odd was that they didn't realize that one country
can protect another country, and guarantee it, without dominating it
completely, without living there.
The other thing they told me was very often, different individuals would
call me aside and say that we would be surprised to find that, if
Poland did get free of Russia and had their own government and were
free, they would go along more or less the way they are going. I said,
"What do you mean? I am surprised. You mean you wouldn't have freedom of
speech." "Oh, no, we would have all the freedoms. We would love the
freedoms, but we would have nationalized industries and so on. We
believe in the socialistic ideas." I was surprised because I don't
understand the problem that way. I don't think of the problem as between
socialism and capitalism but rather between suppression of ideas and
free ideas. If it is that free ideas and socialism are better than
communism, it will work its way through. And it will be better for
everybody. And if capitalism is better than socialism, it will work
its way through. We have got 52 percent.. .
well . . .
The fact that Russia is not free is clear to everyone, and the
consequences in the sciences are quite obvious. One of the best examples
is Lysenko, who has a theory of genetics, which is that acquired
characteristics can be passed on to the offspring. This is probably
true. The great majority, however, of genetic influences are undoubtedly
of a different kind, and they are carried by the germ plasm. There
are undoubtedly a few examples, a few small examples already known, in
which some kind of a characteristic is carried to the next generation by
direct, what we like to call cytoplasmic, inheritance. But the main
point is that the major part of genetic behavior is in a different
manner than Lysenko thinks. So he has spoiled Russia. The great Mendel,
who discovered the laws of genetics, and the beginnings of the science,
is dead. Only in the Western countries can it be continued, because
they are not free in Russia to analyze these things. They have to
discuss and argue against us all the time. And the result is
interesting. Not only in this case has it stopped the science of
biology, which, by the way, is the most active, most exciting, and
most rapidly developing science today in the West. In Russia it is doing
nothing. At the same time you would think that from an economic
standpoint such a thing is impossible. But nevertheless by having the
incorrect theories of inheritance and genetics, the biology of the
agriculture of Russia is behind. They don't develop the hybrid corn
right. They don't know how to develop better brands of potatoes. They
used to know. They had the greatest potato tuber collections and so on
in Russia before Lysenko than anywhere in the world. But today they have
nothing of this kind. They only argue with the West.
--
爱情就像暴风雨一样,当它来临的时候,我们大家谁都没有准备好
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