Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: PeterWang (PW), 信区: Physics
标 题: Richard P.Feynman - The Meaning of It All(8)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月01日08:02:27 星期一), 站内信件
III
This Unscientific Age
I WAS HAPPY, WHEN I got the invitation to give the John Danz Lectures,
to hear that there would be three lectures, as I had thought about these
ideas at great length and wanted an opportunity not to express myself
in only one lecture, but to develop the ideas slowly and carefully in
three lectures. I found out that I developed them slowly and carefully,
completely, in two.
I have completely run out of organized ideas, but I have a large
number of uncomfortable feelings about the world which I haven't been
able to put into some obvious, logical, and sensible form. So, since I
already contracted to give three lectures, the only thing I can do is to
give this potpourri of uncomfortable feelings without having them
very well organized.
Perhaps someday, when I find a real deep reason behind them all, I
will be able to give them in one sensible lecture instead of this thing.
Also, in case you are beginning to believe that some of the things I
said before are true because I am a scientist and according to the
brochure that you get I won some awards and so forth, instead of your
looking at the ideas themselves and judging them directly-in other
words, you see, you have some feeling toward authority-I will get rid of
that tonight. I dedicate this lecture to showing what ridiculous
conclusions and rare statements such a man as myself can make. I wish,
therefore, to destroy any image of authority that has previously been
generated.
You see, a Saturday night is a night for entertainment, and that is... I
think I have got the right spirit now and we can go on. It is always
a good to entitle a lecture in a way that nobody can believe. It is
either peculiar or it is just the opposite of what you would expect. And
that is the reason, of course, for calling it "This Unscientific Age.
" Of course if you mean by scientific the applications of technology,
there is no doubt that this is a scientific age. There is no doubt at
all that today we have all kinds of scientific applications which are
causing us all kinds of trouble as well as giving us all kinds of
advantages. And so in that sense it certainly is a scientific age. If
you mean by a scientific age an age in which science is developing
rapidly and advancing fully as fast as it can, then this is definitely a
scientific age.
The speed at which science has been developing for the last two
hundred years has been ever increasing, and we reach a culmination of
speed now. We are in particular in the biological sciences, on the
threshold of the most remarkable discoveries. What they are going to
be I am unable to tell you. Naturally, that is the excitement of it. And
the excitement that comes from turning one stone over after another and
finding underneath new discoveries has been going on now perpetually
for several hundred years, and it is an ever-rising crescendo. This is,
in that sense, definitely a scientific age. It has been called a heroic
age, by a scientist, of course. Nobody else knows about it. Sometime
when history looks back at this age they will see that it was a most
dramatic and remarkable age, the transformation from not knowing much
about the world to knowing a great deal more than was known before.
But if you mean that this is an age of science in the sense that in art,
in literature, and in people's attitudes and understandings, and so
forth science plays a large part, I don't think it is a scientific age
at all. You see, if you take, the heroic age of the Greeks, say, there
were poems about the military heroes. In the religious period of the
Middle Ages, art was related directly to religion, and people's
attitudes toward life were definitely closely knit to the religious
viewpoints. It was a religious age. This is not a scientific age from
that point of view.
Now, that there are unscientific things is not my grief. That's a nice
word. I mean, that is not what I am worrying about, that there are
unscientific things. That something is unscientific is not bad; there is
nothing the matter with it. It is just unscientific. And scientific
is limited, of course, to those things that we can tell about by trial
and error. For example, there is the absurdity of the young these days
chanting things about purple people eaters and hound dogs, something
that we cannot criticize at all if we belong to the old flat foot
floogie and a floy floy or the music goes down and around. Sons of
mothers who sang about "come, Josephine, in my flying machine," which
sounds just about as modern as "I'd like to get you on a slow boat to
China." So in life, in gaiety, in emotion, in human pleasures and
pursuits, and in literature and so on, there is no need to be
scientific, there is no reason to be scientific. One must relax and
enjoy life. That is not the criticism. That is not the point.
But if you do stop to think about it for a while, you will find that
there are numerous, mostly trivial things which are unscientific,
unnecessarily. For instance, there are extra seats in the front here,
even though there are people [standing in the back].
While I was talking to some of the students in one of the classes, one
man asked me a question, which was, "Are there any attitudes or
experiences that you have when working in scientific information which
you think might be useful in working with other information?"
(By the way, I will at the end say how much of the world today is
sensible, rational, and scientific. It's a great deal. So, I am only
taking the bad parts first. It's more fun. Then we soften it at the end.
And I latched onto that as a nice organizing way to make my
discussion of all the things that I think are unscientific in the
world.)
I would like, therefore, to discuss some of the little tricks of the
trade in trying to judge an idea. We have the advantage that we can
ultimately refer the idea to experiment in the sciences, which may not
be possible in other fields. But nevertheless, some of the ways of
judging things, some of the experiences undoubtedly are useful in
other ways. So, I start with a few examples.
The first one has to do with whether a man knows what he is talking
about, whether what he says has some basis or not. And my trick that I
use is very easy. If you ask him intelligent questions-that is,
penetrating, interested, honest, frank, direct questions on the subject,
and no trick questions-then he quickly gets stuck. It is like a child
asking naive questions. If you ask naive but relevant questions, then
almost immediately the person doesn't know the answer, if he is an
honest man. It is important to appreciate that. And I think that I can
illustrate one unscientific aspect of the world which would be
probably very much better if it were more scientific. It has to do
with politics. Suppose two politicians are running for president, and
one goes through the farm section and is asked, "What are you going to
do about the farm question?" And he knows right away-bang, bang, bang.
Now he goes to the next campaigner who comes through. "What are you
going to do about the farm problem?" "Well, I don't know. I used to be a
general, and I don't know anything about farming. But it seems to me it
must be a very difficult problem, because for twelve, fifteen, twenty
years people have been struggling with it, and people say that they know
how to solve the farm problem. And it must be a hard problem. So the
way that I intend to solve the farm problem is to gather around me a lot
of people who know something about it, to look at all the experience
that we have had with this problem before, to take a certain amount of
time at it, and then to come to some conclusion in a reasonable way
about it. Now, I can't tell you ahead of time what conclusion, but I can
give you some of the principles I'll try to use-not to make things
difficult for individual farmers, if there are any special problems we
will have to have some way to take care of them," etc., etc., etc.
Now such a man would never get anywhere in this country, I think. Its
never been tried, anyway. This is in the attitude of mind of the
populace, that they have to have an answer and that a man who gives an
answer is better than a man who gives no answer, when the real fact of
the matter is, in most cases, it is the other way around. And the result
of this of course is that the politician must give an answer. And the
result of this is that political promises can never be kept. It is a
mechanical fact; it is impossible. The result of that is that nobody
believes campaign promises. And the result of that is a general
disparaging of politics, a general lack of respect for the people who
are trying to solve problems, and so forth. It's all generated from
the very beginning (maybe-this is a simple analysis). Its all generated,
maybe, by the fact that the attitude of the populace is to try to
find the answer instead of trying to find a man who has a way of getting
at the answer.
Now we try another item that comes in the sciences-I give only one or
two illustrations of each of the general ideas-and that is how to deal
with uncertainty. There have been a lot of jokes made about ideas of
uncertainty. I would like to remind you that you can be pretty sure of
things even though you are uncertain, that you don't have to be so
in-the-middle, in fact not at all in-the-middle. People say to me,
"Well, how can you teach your children what is right and wrong if you
don't know?" Because I'm pretty sure of what's right and wrong. I'm
not absolutely sure; some experiences may change my mind. But I know
what I would expect to teach them. But, of course, a child won't learn
what you teach him.
--
爱情就像暴风雨一样,当它来临的时候,我们大家谁都没有准备好
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.247.27]
※ 修改:·PeterWang 於 07月01日08:11:49 修改本文·[FROM: 202.118.247.27]
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