Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: PeterWang (PW), 信区: Physics
标 题: Richard P.Feynman - The Meaning of It All(11)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月01日08:08:44 星期一), 站内信件
This whole business of statistical sampling and the determining of the
properties of people by this manner is a very serious business
altogether. It's coming into its own, but it's used very often, and we
have to be very, very careful with it. It's used for choice of
personnel-by giving examinations to people-marriage counseling, and
things of this kind. It's used to determine whether people get into
college, in a way that I am not in favor of, but I will leave my
arguments on this. I will address them to the people who decide who gets
into Caltech. And after I have had my arguments, I will come back and
tell you something about it. But this has one serious feature, among
others, aside from the difficulties of sampling. There is a tendency,
then, to use only what can be measured as a criterion. That is, the
spirit of the man, the way he feels toward things, may be difficult to
measure. There is some tendency to have interviews and to try to correct
this. So much the better. But it's easier to have more examinations and
not have to waste the time with the interviews, and the result is
that only those things which can be measured, actually which they
think they can measure, are what count, and a lot of good things are
left out, a lot of good guys are missed. So it's a dangerous business
and has to be very carefully checked. The things like marriage
questions, "How are you getting along with your husband," and so on,
that appear in magazines are all nonsense. They go something like this:
"This has been tested on a thousand couples." And then you can tell how
they answered and how you answered and tell if you are happily married.
What you do is the following. You make up a bunch of questions, like
"Do you give him breakfast in bed?" and so on and so on. And then you
give this questionnaire to a thousand people. And you have an
independent way of telling whether they are happily married, like asking
them, or something. But never mind. It doesn't make any difference what
it is, even if the test is perfect. That's not the part where the
trouble is. Then you do the following. You see about all the ones who
are happy-how did they answer about the breakfast in bed, how did they
answer about this, how did they answer about that? You see it's
exactly the same as my rat race, with right and left. They have
decided on the odds of the thing in terms of the one sample. What they
ought to do to be honest is to take the same test that has now been
designed, in which they know how to make the score. They've decided this
gets five points, that gets ten points, in such a way that the thousand
that they tried it on get marvelous scores if they are happy and
lousy scores if they're not. But now is the test of the test. They
cannot use the sample which determined the scoring for them. That's
going backwards. They must take the test to another thousand people,
independently, and run it out to see whether the happy ones are the ones
that score high, or not. They do not do that, because it's too much
trouble, A, and the few times that they tried it, B, it showed that
the test was no good.
Now, looking at the troubles that we have with all the unscientific
and peculiar things in the world, there are a number of them which
cannot be associated with difficulties in how to think, I think, but are
just due to some lack of information. In particular, there are
believers in astrology, of which, no doubt, there are a number here.
Astrologists say that there are days when it's better to go to the
dentist than other days. There are days when it's better to fly in an
airplane, for you, if you are born on such a day and such and such an
hour. And its all calculated by very careful rules in terms of the
position of the stars. If it were true it would be very interesting.
Insurance people would be very interested to change the insurance
rates on people if they follow the astrological rules, because they have
a better chance when they are in the airplane. Tests to determine
whether people who go on the day that they are not supposed to go are
worse off or not have never been made by the astrologers. The question
of whether it's a good day for business or a bad day for business has
never been established. Now what of it?
Maybe it's still true, yes. On the other hand, there's an awful lot of
information that indicates that it isn't true. Because we have a lot
of knowledge about how things work, what people are, what the world is,
what those stars are, what the planets are that you are looking at,
what makes them go around more or less, where they're going to be in the
next 2000 years is completely known. They don't have to look up to find
out where it is. And furthermore, if you look very carefully at the
different astrologers they don't agree with each other, so what are
you going to do? Disbelieve it. There's no evidence at all for it.
It's pure nonsense. The only way you can believe it is to have a general
lack of information about the stars and the world and what the rest
of the things look like. If such a phenomenon existed it would be most
remarkable, in the face of all the other phenomena that exist, and
unless someone can demonstrate it to you with a real experiment, with
a real test, took people who believe and people who didn't believe and
made a test, and so on, then there's no point in listening to them.
Tests of this kind, incidentally, have been made in the early days of
science. It's rather interesting. I found out that in the early days,
like in the time when they were discovering oxygen and so on, people
made such experimental attempts to find out, for example, whether
missionaries-it sounds silly; it only sounds silly because you're afraid
to test it-whether good people like missionaries who pray and so on
were less likely to be in a shipwreck than others. And so when
missionaries were going to far countries, they checked in the shipwrecks
whether the missionaries were less likely to drown than other people.
And it turned out that there was no difference. So lots of people
don't believe that it makes any difference.
There are, if you turn on the radio-I don't know how it is up here; it
must be the same-in California you hear all kinds of faith healers. I've
seen them on television. It's another one of those things that it
exhausts me to try to explain why it's rather a ridiculous proposition.
There is, in fact, an entire religion that's respectable, so called,
that's called Christian Science, that's based on the idea of faith
healing. If it were true, it could be established, not by the
anecdotes of a few people but by the careful checks, by the
technically good clinical methods which are used on any other way of
curing diseases. If you believe in faith healing, you have a tendency to
avoid other ways of getting healed. It takes you a little longer to get
to the doctor, possibly. Some people believe it strongly enough that it
takes them longer to get to the doctor. It's possible that the faith
healing isn't so good. It's possible-we are not sure-that it isn't.
And its therefore possible that there is some danger in believing in
faith healing, that its not a triviality, not like astrology wherein
it doesn't make a lot of difference. It's just inconvenient for the
people who believe in it that they have to do things on certain days. It
may be, and I would like to know-it should be investigated-everybody
has a right to know-whether more people have been hurt or helped by
believing in Christ's ability to heal; whether there is more healing
or harming by such a thing. It's possible either way. It should be
investigated. It shouldn't be left lying for people to believe in
without an investigation.
Not only are there faith healers on the radio, there are also radio
religion people who use the Bible to predict all kinds of phenomena that
are going to happen. I listened intrigued to a man who in a dream
visited God and received all kinds of special information for his
congregation, etc. Well, this unscientific age . . . But I don't know
what to do with that one. I don't know what rule of reasoning to use
to show right away that it's nutty. I think it just belongs to a general
lack of understanding of how complicated the world is and how elaborate
and how unlikely it would be that such a thing would work.
But I can't disprove, of course, without investigating more carefully.
Maybe one way would be always to ask them how do they know it's true and
to remember maybe that they are wrong. Just remember that much anyway,
because you may keep yourself from sending in too much money
There are also, of course, in the world a number of phenomena that you
cannot beat that are just the result of a general stupidity. And we
all do stupid things, and we know some people do more than others, but
there is no use in trying to check who does the most. There is some
attempt to protect this by government regulation, to protect this
stupidity, but it doesn't work a hundred percent.
For example, I went on a visit to one of the desert sites to buy land.
You know they sell land, these promoters-there's a new city going to
be built. It's exciting. It's marvelous. You must go. Just imagine
yourself in a desert with nothing but some flags poked here in the
ground with numbers on them and street signs with names. And so you
drive in the car across the desert to find the fourth street and so on
to get to the lot 369, which is the one for you, you're thinking. And
you stand there kicking sand in this thing discussing with the
salesman why it's advantageous to have a corner lot and how the driveway
will be good because it will be easier to get into from that side.
Worse, believe it or not, you find yourself discussing the beach club,
which is going to be on that sea, what the rules of membership are and
how many friends you're allowed to bring. I swear, I got into that
condition.
So when the time comes to buy the land, it turns out that the state
has made an attempt to help you. So they have a description of this
particular thing that you have read, and the man who sells you the
land says it's the law, we have to give you this to read. They give it
to you to read, and it says that this is very much like many other
real estate deals in the state of California and so on and so on and
so on. And among other things, I read that although they say that they
want to have fifty thousand people at this site, there is not water
enough for a number which I better not say or I'll get accused of libel,
but it was very much less-I can't remember it exactly-it was in the
neighborhood of five thousand people, somewhere like that. So, of course
they had noticed that this was in there before, and they told us that
they had just found water at another site, far away, that they were
going to pump down. And when I asked about it, they explained to me very
carefully that they had just discov- ered this and that they hadn't had
time to get it into the brochure from the state. Hmmmm.
I'll give another example of the same thing. I was in Atlantic City, and
I went into one of these-well, it was sort of a store. There were a lot
of seats, and people were sitting there listening to a man speaking.
And he was very interesting. He knew all about food, and he was
talking about nutrition, different things. I remember several of the
important statements which he made, such as "even worms won't eat
white flour." That kind of stuff. It was good. It was interesting. It
was true-maybe it wasn't true about the worms, but it was good stuff
about proteins and so on. And then he went on and described the
Federal Pure Food and Drug Act, and he explained how it protects you. He
explained that on every product that claims to be a good health food
that's supposed to help you with minerals and this and that, there
must be a label on the bottle which tells exactly what's in it, what
it does, and all claims must be explicit, so that if it's wrong, so on
and so on. He gives them everything. I said, "How is he going to make
any money? Out come the bottles. It comes out, finally, that he sells
this special health food, of course, in a brownish bottle. And it just
so happens that he has just come in, and he's been in a hurry, and he
hasn't had time to put the labels on. And here are the labels that
belong on the bottles, and here are the bottles, and he's in a hurry
to sell them, and he gives you the bottle, and you stick it on yourself.
That man had courage. He first explained what to do, what to worry
about, and then he went ahead and did it.
I found another lecture which was somewhat analogous to that one. And
that was the second Danz lecture given by myself. I started out by
pointing out that things were completely unscientific, that things
were uncertain, particularly in political matters, and that there were
the two nations, Russia and the United States, at odds with each other.
And then by some mystic hocus-pocus it came out that we were the good
guys and they were the bad guys. Yet, at the beginning, there was no way
to decide which was the better of the two. In fact, that was the main
point of the lecture. So by some sort of magic I produced some kind of
relative certainty out of uncertainty. I told you about the bottle
with the labels, and then I came out on the other end with a label on my
bottle. How did I do it? You have to think about it a little bit. One
thing, of course, that we can be certain of, once we're uncertain, and
that is that we are uncertain. Somebody says "No, maybe I'm sure."
Actually, though, the gimmick in that particular lecture, the weak point
in the whole thing, the thing that requires further development and
study is this one: I made an impassioned plea for the idea that it's
good to have an open channel, that there's value in uncertainty, that
it's more important to permit us to discover new things, rather than
to choose a solution that we now make up-that to choose a solution, no
matter how we choose it now is to choose a much worse thing than what we
would get if we waited and worked things out. And that's where I made
the choice, and I am not sure of that choice. Okay. I have now destroyed
authority.
Associated with these problems of lack of information and so forth,
but particularly lack of information, there are a number of phenomena
that are more serious, I believe, than astrology.
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爱情就像暴风雨一样,当它来临的时候,我们大家谁都没有准备好
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