Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: PeterWang (PW), 信区: Physics
标 题: Richard P.Feynman - The Meaning of It All(13)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月01日08:13:24 星期一), 站内信件
Yingkai has read up to here
And another example of the same thing is the famous Protocol of the
Elders of Zion, which was a fake document. It was supposed to be a
meeting of the old Jews and the leaders of Zion in which they had gotten
together and cooked up a scheme for the domination of the world.
International bankers, international, you know... a great big
marvelous machine! Just out of proportion. But it wasn't so far out of
proportion that people didn't believe it; and it was one of the
strongest forces in the development of anti-Semitism.
What I am asking for in many directions is an abject honesty. I think
that we should have a more abject honesty in political matters. And I
think we'll be freer that way.
I would like to point out that people are not honest. Scientists are not
honest at all, either. It's useless. Nobody's honest. Scientists are
not honest. And people usually believe that they are. That makes it
worse. By honest I don't mean that you only tell what's true. But you
make clear the entire situation. You make clear all the information that
is required for somebody else who is intelligent to make up their
mind.
For example, in connection with nuclear testing, I don't know myself
whether I am for nuclear testing or against nuclear testing. There are
reasons on both sides. It makes radioactivity, and it's dangerous, and
it's also very bad to have a war. But whether it's going to be more
likely to have a war or less likely to have a war because you test, I
don't know. Whether preparation will stop the war, or lack of
preparation, I don't know. So I'm not trying to say I'm on either side.
That's why I can be abjectly honest on this one.
The big question comes, of course, whether there's a danger from
radioactivity. In my opinion the greatest danger and the greatest
question on nuclear testing is the question of its future effects. The
deaths and the radioactivity which would be caused by the war would be
so many times more than the nuclear testing that the effects that it
would have in the future are far more important than the infinitesimal
amount of radioactivity produced now. How infinitesimal is the amount,
however? Radioactivity is bad. Nobody knows a good effect of general
radioactivity. So if you increase the general amount of radioactivity in
the air, you are producing something not good. Therefore nuclear
testing in this respect produces something not good. If you are a
scientist, then, you have the right and should point out this fact.
On the other hand, the thing is quantitative. The question is how much
is not good? You can play games and show that you will kill 10 million
people in the next 2000 years with it. If I were to walk in front of a
car, hoping that I will have some more children in the future, I also
will kill 10,000 people in the next 10,000 years, if you figure it out,
from a certain way of calculating. The question is how big is the
effect? And the last time ... (I wish I had-I should, of course, have
checked these figures, but let me put it differently.) The next time you
hear a talk, ask the questions which I point out to you, because I
asked some questions the last time I heard a talk, and I can remember
the answers, but I haven't checked them very recently, so I don't have
any figures, but I at least asked the question. How much is the increase
in radioactivity compared to the general variations in the amount of
radioactivity from place to place? The amounts of background
radioactivity in a wooden building and a brick building are quite
different, because the wood is less radioactive than the bricks.
It turns out that at the time that I asked this question, the difference
in the effects was less than the difference between being in a brick
and a wooden building. And the difference between being at sea level and
being at 5000 feet altitude was a hundred times, at least, bigger
than the extra radioactivity produced by the atomic bomb testing.
Now, I say that if a man is absolutely honest and wants to protect the
populace from the effects of radioactivity, which is what our scientific
friends often say they are trying to do, then he should work on the
biggest number, not on the smallest number, and he should try to point
out that the radioactivity which is absorbed by living in the city of
Denver is so much more serious, is a hundred times bigger than the
background from the bomb, that all the people of Denver ought to move to
lower altitudes. The situation really is-don't get frightened if you
live in Denver-it's small. It doesn't make much difference. It's only
a tiny effect. But the effect from the bombs is less than the difference
between being at low level and high level, I believe. I'm not
absolutely sure. I ask you to ask that question to get some idea whether
you should be very careful about not walking into a brick building,
as careful as you are to try to stop nuclear testing for the sole reason
of radioactivity. There are many good reasons that you may feel
politically strong about, one way or the other. But that's another
question.
We are, in the scientific things, getting into situations in which we
are related to the government, and we have all kinds of lack of honesty.
Particularly, lack of honesty is in the reporting and description of
the adventures of going to different planets and in the various space
adventures. To take an example, we can take the Mariner II voyage to
Venus. A tremendously exciting thing, a marvelous thing, that man has
been able to send a thing 40 million miles, a piece of the earth at last
to another place. And to get so close to it as to get a view that
corresponds to being 20,000 miles away. It's hard for me to explain
how exciting that is, and how interesting. And I've used up more time
than I ought.
The story of what happened during the trip was equally interesting and
exciting. The apparent breakdown. The fact that they had to turn all the
instruments off for a while because they were losing power in the
batteries and the whole thing would stop. And then they were able to
turn it on again. The fact of how it was heating up. How one thing after
the other didn't work and then began to work. All the accidents and the
excitement of a new adventure. Just like sending Columbus, or Magellan,
around the world. There were mutinies, and there were troubles and
there were shipwrecks, and there was the whole works. And it's an
exciting story. When it, for example, heated up, it was said in the
paper, "It's heating up, and we're learning from that." What could we be
learning? If you know something, you realize you can't learn anything.
You put satellites up near the earth, and you know how much radiation
you get from the sun . .. we know that. And how much do they get when
they get near Venus? Its a definitely accurate law, well known,
inverse square. The closer you get, the brighter the light. Easy. So
it's easy to figure out how much white and black to paint the thing so
that the temperature adjusts itself.
The only thing we learned was that the fact that it got hot was not
due to anything else than the fact that the thing was made in a very
great hurry at the last minute and some changes were made in the
inside apparatus, so that there was more power developed in the inside
and it got hotter than it was designed for. What we learned, therefore,
was not scientific. But we learned to be a little bit careful about
going in such a hurry on these things and keep changing our minds at the
last minute. By some miracle the thing almost worked when it was there.
It was meant to look at Venus by making a series of passes across the
planet, looking like a television screen, twenty-one passes across the
planet. It made three. Good. It was a miracle. It was a great
achievement. Columbus said he was going for gold and spices. He got no
gold and very little spices. But it was a very important and very
exciting moment. Mariner was supposed to go for big and important
scientific information. It got none. I tell you it got none. Well,
I'll correct it in a minute. It got practically none. But it was a
terrific and exciting experience. And in the future more will come
from it. What it did find out, from looking at Venus, they say in the
paper, was that the temperature was 800 degrees or something, under
the surface of the clouds. That was already known. And it's being
confirmed today, even now, by using the telescope at Palomar and
making measurements on Venus from the earth. How clever. The same
information could be gotten from looking from the Earth: I have a friend
who has information on this, and he has a beautiful map of Venus in his
room, with contour lines and hot and cold and different temperatures in
different parts. In detail. From the earth. Not just three swatches
with some spots of up and down. There was one piece of information
that was obtained-that Venus has no magnetic field around it like the
earth has-and that was a piece of information that could not have been
obtained from here.
There was also very interesting information on what was going on in
the space in between, on the way from here to Venus. It should be
pointed out that if you don't try to make the thing hit a planet, you
don't have to put extra correcting devices inside, you know, with
extra rockets to re-steer it. You just shoot it off. You can put more
instruments in, better instruments, more carefully designed, and if
you really want to find out what there is in the space in between, you
don't have to make such a to-do about going to Venus. The most important
information was on the space in between, and if we want that
information, then please let us send another one that isn't necessary to
go to a planet and have all the complications of steering it.
Another thing is the Ranger program. I get sick when I read in the paper
about, one after the other, five of them that don't work. And each time
we learn something, and then we don't continue the program. We're
learning an awful lot. We're learning that somebody forgot to close a
valve, that somebody let sand into another part of the instrument.
Sometimes we learn something, but most of the time we learn only that
there's something the matter with our industry, our engineers and our
scientists, that the failure of our program, to fail so many times,
has no reasonable and simple explanation. It's not necessary that we
have so many failures, as far as I can tell. There's something the
matter in the organization, in the administration, in the engineering,
or in the making of these instruments. It's important to know that. It's
not worthwhile knowing that we're always learning something.
Incidentally, people ask me, why go to the moon? Because it's a great
adventure in science. Incidentally, it also develops technology. You
have to make all these instruments to go to the moon-rockets, and so
on-and it's very important to develop technology. Also it makes
scientists happy, and if scientists are happy maybe they'll work on
something else good for warfare. Another possibility is a direct
military use of space. I don't know how, nobody knows how, but there may
turn out to be a use. Anyway, it's possible that if we keep on
developing the military aspects of long-range flying to the moon that
we'll prevent the Russians from making some military use that we can't
figure out yet. Also there are indirect military advantages. That is, if
you build bigger rockets, then you can use them more directly by
going directly from here to some other part of the earth instead of
having to go to the moon. Another good reason is a propaganda reason.
We've lost some face in front of the world by letting the other guys get
ahead in technology. It's good to be able to try to get that face back.
None of these reasons alone is worthwhile and can explain our going
to the moon. I believe, however, that if you put them all together, plus
all the other reasons which I can't think of, it's worth it.
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爱情就像暴风雨一样,当它来临的时候,我们大家谁都没有准备好
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