Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: PeterWang (PW), 信区: Physics
标 题: Richard P.Feynman - The Meaning of It All(14)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2002年07月01日08:14:08 星期一), 站内信件
Well, I gotcha.
I would like to talk about one other thing, and that is, how do you
get new ideas? This is for amusement for the students here, mostly.
How do you get new ideas? That you do by analogy, mostly, and in working
with analogy you often make very great errors. It's a great game to try
to look at the past, at an unscientific era, look at something there,
and say have we got the same thing now, and where is it? So I would like
to amuse myself with this game. First, we take witch doctors. The witch
doctor says he knows how to cure. There are spirits inside which are
trying to get out. You have to blow them out with an egg, and so on. Put
a snakeskin on and take quinine from the bark of a tree. The quinine
works. He doesn't know he's got the wrong theory of what happens. If I'm
in the tribe and I'm sick, I go to the witch doctor. He knows more
about it than anyone else. But I keep trying to tell him he doesn't know
what he's doing and that someday when people investigate the thing
freely and get free of all his complicated ideas they'll learn much
better ways of doing it. Who are the witch doctors? Psychoanalysts and
psychiatrists, of course. If you look at all of the complicated ideas
that they have developed in an infinitesimal amount of time, if you
compare to any other of the sciences how long it takes to get one idea
after the other, if you consider all the structures and inventions and
complicated things, the ids and the egos, the tensions and the forces,
and the pushes and the pulls, I tell you they can't all be there. It's
too much for one brain or a few brains to have cooked up in such a short
time. However, I remind you that if you're in the tribe, there's nobody
else to go to.
And now I can have some more fun, and this is especially for the
students of this university. I thought, among other people, of the
Arabian scholars of science during the Middle Ages. They did a little
bit of science themselves, yes, but they wrote commentaries on the great
men that came before them. They wrote commentaries on commentaries.
They described what each other wrote about each other. They just kept
writing these commentaries. Writing commentaries is some kind of a
disease of the intellect. Tradition is very important. And freedom of
new ideas, new possibilities, are disregarded on the grounds that the
way it was is better than anything I can do. I have no right to change
this or to invent anything or to think of anything. Well, those are your
English professors. They are steeped in tradition, and they write
commentaries. Of course, they also teach us, some of us, English. That's
where the analogy breaks down.
Now if we continue in the analogy here, we see that if they had a more
enlightened view of the world there would be a lot of interesting
problems. Maybe, how many parts of speech are there? Shall we invent
another part of speech? Ooohhhhh!
Well, then how about the vocabulary? Have we got too many words? No, no.
We need them to express ideas. Have we got too few words? No. By some
accident, of course, through the history of time, we happened to have
developed the perfect combination of words.
Now let me get to a lower level still in this question. And that is, all
the time you hear the question, "why can't Johnny read?" And the answer
is, because of the spelling. The Phoenicians, 2000, more, 3000, 4000
years ago, somewhere around there, were able to figure out from their
language a scheme of describing the sounds with symbols. It was very
simple. Each sound had a corresponding symbol, and each symbol, a
corresponding sound. So that when you could see what the symbols' sounds
were, you could see what the words were supposed to sound like. It's
a marvelous invention. And in the period of time things have happened,
and things have gotten out of whack in the English language. Why can't
we change the spelling? Who should do it if not the professors of
English? If the professors of English will complain to me that the
students who come to the universities, after all those years of study,
still cannot spell "friend," I say to them that something's the matter
with the way you spell friend.
And also, it can be argued, perhaps, if they wish, that it's a
question of style and beauty in the language, and that to make new words
and new parts of speech might destroy that. But they cannot argue
that respelling the words would have anything to do with the style.
There's no form of art form or literary form, with the sole exception of
crossword puzzles, in which the spelling makes a bit of difference to
the style. And even crossword puzzles can be made with a different
spelling. And if it's not the English professors that do it, and if we
give them two years and nothing happens-and please don't invent three
ways of doing it, just one way, that everybody is used to-if we wait two
or three years and nothing happens, then we'll ask the philologists and
the linguists and so on because they know how to do it. Did you know
that they can write any language with an alphabet so that you can read
how it sounds in another language when you hear it? That's really
something. So they ought to be able to do it in English alone.
One thing else I would leave to them. This does show, of course, that
there are great dangers in arguing from analogy. And these dangers
should be pointed out. I don't have time to do that, and so I leave to
your English professors the problem of pointing out the errors of
reasoning by analogy.
Now there are a number of things, positive things, in which a scientific
type of reasoning works, and in which considerable progress has been
made, and I've been picking out a number of the negative things. I
want you to know I appreciate positive things. (I also appreciate that
I'm talking too long, so I will mention them only. But it's out of
proportion. I wanted to spend more time.) There are a number of things
in which rational people work very hard using methods which are quite
sensible. And nobody's bothered with them, yet.
For instance, people have arranged traffic systems and arranged the
way the traffic will work in other cities. Criminal detection is at a
pretty high level of knowing how to get evidence, how to judge evidence,
how to control your emotions on the evidence, and so on.
We shouldn't only think of the technological inventions when we consider
the progress of man. There are an enormous number of most important
non-technological inventions which mustn't be disregarded. Economic
inventions in checks, for example, and banks, things of this nature.
International financial arrangements, and so on, are marvelous
inventions. And they are absolutely essential and represent a great
advance. Systems of accounting, for example. Business accounting is a
scientific process-I mean, is not a scientific, maybe, but a rational
process. A system of law has been gradually developed. There is a system
of laws and juries and judges. And although there are, of course,
many faults and flaws, and we must continue to work on them, I have
great admiration for that. And also the development of government
organizations which have been going on through the years. There are a
large number of problems which have been solved in certain countries
in ways that we sometimes can understand and sometimes we cannot. I
remind you of one, because it bothers me. And that has to do with the
fact that the government really has the problem of the control of the
forces. And most of the time there has been trouble because the
strongest forces try to get control of the government. It is marvelous,
is it not, that someone with no force can control someone with force.
And so the difficulties in the Roman empire, with the Praetorian guards,
seemed insoluble, because they had more force than the Senate. Yet in
our country we have a sort of discipline of the military, so that they
never try to control the Senate directly. People laugh at the brass.
They tease them all the time. No matter how many things we've stuffed
down their throats, we civilians have still been able to control the
military! I think that the military's discipline in knowing what its
place is in the government of the United States is one of our great
heritages and one of the very valuable things, and I don't think that we
should keep pushing on them so hard until they get impatient and
break out from their self-imposed discipline. Don't misunderstand me.
The military has a large number of faults, like anything else. And the
way they handled Mr. Anderson, I believe his name was, the fellow who
was supposed to have murdered somebody and so on, is an example of
what would happen if they did take over.
Now, if I look to the future, I should talk about the future development
of mechanics, the possibilities that will arise because we have
almost free energy when we get to controlled fusion. And in the near
future the developments in biology will make problems like no one has
ever seen before. The very rapid developments of biology are going to
cause all kinds of very exciting problems. I haven't time to describe
them, so I just refer you to Aldous Huxley's book Brave New World, which
gives some indication of the type of problem that future biology will
involve itself in.
One thing about the future I look to with favor. I think there are a lot
of things working in the right direction. In the first place, the
fact that there are so many nations and they hear each other, on account
of the communications, even if they try to close their ears. And so
there are all kinds of opinions running around, and the net result is
that it's hard to keep ideas out. And some of the troubles that the
Russians are having in holding down people like Mr. Nakhrosov are a kind
of trouble that I hope will continue to develop.
One other point that I would like to take a moment or two to make a
little bit more in detail is this one: The problem of moral values and
ethical judgments is one into which science cannot enter, as I have
already indicated, and which I don't know of any particular way to word.
However, I see one possibility. There may be others, but I see one
possibility. You see we need some kind of a mechanism, something like
the trick we have to make an observation and believe it, a scheme for
choosing moral values. Now in the days of Galileo there were great
arguments about what makes a body fall, all kinds of arguments about the
medium and the pushes and the pulls and so on. And what Galileo did was
disregard all the arguments and decide if it fell and how fast it fell,
and just describe that. On that everybody could agree. And keep on
studying in that direction, on what everyone can agree, and never mind
the machinery and the theory underneath, as long as possible. And then
gradually, with the accumulation of experience, you find other
theories underneath that are more satisfactory, perhaps. There were in
the early days of science terrible arguments about, for instance, light.
Newton did some experiments which showed that a light beam separated
and spread with a prism would never get separated again. Why did he have
to argue with Hooke? He had to argue with Hooke because of the theories
of the day about what light was like and so on. He wasn't arguing
whether the phenomenon was right. Hooke took a prism and saw that it was
true.
So the question is whether it is possible to do something analogous (and
work by analogy) with moral problems. I believe that it is not at all
impossible that there be agreements on consequences, that we agree on
the net result, but maybe not on the reason we do what we ought to do.
That the argument that existed in the early days of the Christians as
to, for instance, whether Jesus was of a substance like the Father or of
the same substance as the Father, which when translated into the
Greek became the argument between the Homoiousions and the Homoousians.
Laugh, but people were hurt by that. Reputations were destroyed, people
were killed, arguing whether it's the same or similar. And today we
should learn that lesson and not have an argument as to the reason why
we agree if we agree.
I therefore consider the Encyclical of Pope John XXIII, which I have
read, to be one of the most remarkable occurrences of our time and a
great step to the future. I can find no better expression of my
beliefs of morality, of the duties and responsibilities of mankind,
people to other people, than is in that encyclical. I do not agree
with some of the machinery which supports some of the ideas, that they
spring from God, perhaps, I don't personally believe, or that some of
these ideas are the natural consequence of ideas of earlier popes, in
a natural and perfectly sensible way. I don't agree, and I will not
ridicule it, and I won't argue it. I agree with the responsibilities and
with the duties that the Pope represents as the responsibilities and
the duties of people. And I recognize this encyclical as the beginning,
possibly, of a new future where we forget, perhaps, about the
theories of why we believe things as long as we ultimately in the end,
as far as action is concerned, believe the same thing.
Thank you very much. I enjoyed myself.
--
爱情就像暴风雨一样,当它来临的时候,我们大家谁都没有准备好
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.247.27]
※ 修改:·PeterWang 於 07月01日08:14:57 修改本文·[FROM: 202.118.247.27]
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