Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: skyfly (飞天), 信区: Physics
标 题: Landau伟大的物理学家和教师
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年05月16日22:22:30 星期五), 站内信件
标 题: Landau:(A Great Physicist and Teacher)-Prefaced b
发信站: 瀚海星云 (Tue Apr 29 18:35:25 2003)
``DAU", or Lev Davidovich Landau, whose image this book is trying to re-create
, was one of the great physicists, and one of the great characters of our gene
ration, I had the good fortune to know him well, and we became good friends, a
lthough later the War, and other tensions, prevented us from seeing much of ea
ch other.
I vividly remember the great impression he made on all of us when he appeared
in Wolfgang Pauli's department in Z\"urich in 1929, where as a fresh PhD I was
working as Pauli's ``Assistent". He was even a little younger, and quite unkn
own. But it did not take long to discover the depth of his understanding of mo
dern physics, and his skill in solving the basic problems. He rarely read a pa
per on theoretical physics in detail, but looked at it long enough to see whet
her the problem was interesting, and if so, what was the author's approach. He
then set to work to do the calculation himself, and if the answer agreeed wit
h the author's he approved of the paper.
Evidently one can learn much from discussion with him, and from work we did jo
intly. But physics, however exciting in those days of the early application of
the new quantum mechanics, was by no means the sole subject of our conversati
ons. He was interested in the world around him, in people and their relations,
and in the way of the West. He approached all these matters with the same att
itude with which he looked at the problems in physics, theorizing, labelling,
classifying. He had started his classificaition of physicists according to the
ir greatness, though this became refined much later. He certainly had started
to assess ``situations", which was his word for relations between men and wome
n. There were strict criteria to be met for a situation to be regarded as sati
sfactory. If he found amongst his friends or acquaintances an unsatisfactory s
ituation, it was of course his duty to point this out the couple concerned---w
ho did not always react kindly.
He was sure that progress in physics depended only on young people, and once,
when he heared mention of a youngish theoritical physicist of whom he knew not
hing, he made his famous remark ``What, so young and already so unknown?"
He was interested in the political institutions of the West, and liked to make
fun of some of their features. His first stay in Z\"urich had to be cut short
, because the Swiss authorities, who at the time had no diplomatic relations w
ith the Soviet Union, gave him a permit for only a short time, and then renewe
d it for shorter and shorter priods, until he finally had to leave. He comment
ed with some pride: ``Lenin lived in Switzerland for years and did not succeed
in starting a revolution, but they evidently thind I could!"
A year later he was back with a Rockefeller Fellowship, and there was no diffi
culy about his residence permit. During this second visit we did another joint
piece of work, concerned with the foundations of quantum mechanics, and their
relation with relativity. The initiative in this was certainly Landau's. The
subject was one in which the great Danish theoretician Niels Bohr was profound
ly interested, and he violently disagreed with our conclusions. Later that yea
r when both Landou and I were visiting Copenhagen, the discussion with Bohr be
came very heated, in spite of our great respect for him. But this did not dimi
nish Bohr's specially warm affection for Landau.
By the time he was making important contributions to many branches of physics.
His work on the diamagnetism of conduction electrons solved in a simple and e
legant way a puzzle that had confused many old hands. His way of looking at co
llisions between atoms in which they exchange energy or undergo chemical react
ions has remained the accepted view. He intervened in a controversy between as
trophsicists about the stability of stars, and was the first to point out that
the known laws of physics allow no stability for a cold mass more than 50\%
greater than that of the sun, a conclusion linked today with existence of ``b
lack holes".
This is only a selection from the list of topics to which he started making la
sting contributions. I still had several occasions to exchange ideas with him,
and to learn from his penetrating thought and from his powerful intuition, on
various visits to the Soviet Union. Intuition was for him an important tool,
in spite of his great skill in solving problems mathematically. He regarded it
as pedantic and unnecessary to look for a rigorous proof of a statement obvio
us. If one complained that something he relied on was not obvious, he would sa
y, or at least imply: ``Well, if this is not obvious to you, you should not be
a physicist." A little of this attitude rubs off even on the excellent \emph{
Course of Theoretical Physics}, and has sometimes discourage timid souls among
st the readers, though it helps to avoid formal detail which could prevent one
seeing the wood for the trees.
I recall one conversation on one of the visits, actually a walking tour in the
Caucasus with him and one of his friends in 1934, which shows Landau's vision
. The friend, an engineer, asked ``What is this we read about neclear energy?
Is this just science fiction, or is there a real possibility?" Without hesitat
ion, Landau, replied: ``It is a difficult problem. There are nuclear reactions
in which energy is released in which energy is released, but we can initiate
them only by bombardment with charged particles. But most charged particles p
assing through matter are slowed down before they hit a nucleus, and therefore
one wasts much more energy than is gained. Neutrons pass through matter witho
ut slowing down, but at present the only way we have for producing neutrons is
by charged-particle bombardment, so we are back with the same difficulty. But
if some day someone discovers a reaction initiated by neutrons, which release
d secondary neutrons as well as energy, you are all set." This was barely two
ye
ars after the discovery of the neutron, and long before the d
iscovery of fission set people thinking about chain reactions.
He was not a great letter writer, and I am not the most regular of corresponda
nts, so we did not keep in regular touch, I still saw him at a conference in M
oscow in 1937, when his physics was going strong, but he was very worried abou
t the worsening international situation and the resulting tensions within the
U.S.S.R., with its spy mania and other tensions. This is shortly before he was
himself in trouble with the Stalin regime.
I saw him again at a Moscow conference in 1956, surrounding by his pupils and
collaborators. He had by now become the great teacher so vividly described by
Anna Livanova, but as a person he had not changed. Two more brief encounters a
t conferences, and then the tragic accident which ended his work as a physicis
t and teacher, and made his life for the remaining years a misery.
His great contributions to physics, and to the teaching of physics, and his un
on in discussions, and his behaviour on the many occasions described by Anna L
ivanova, are all aspects of the same pattern, to those who knew him all unmist
akable ``Dau".
--
每个人都掌握一把开启天堂之门的钥匙,这把钥匙同样也可打开地狱之门。
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