Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: FDTD (放荡*坦荡), 信区: Physics
标 题: A Water Molecule's Chemical Formula is Really Not
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年08月30日14:23:23 星期六), 站内信件
A Water Molecule's Chemical Formula is Really Not H2O
Number 648 #1, July 31, 2003 by Phil Schewe, James Riordon, and Ben Stein
A water molecule's chemical formula is really not H2O, at least from the
perspective of neutrons and electrons interacting with the molecule for only
attoseconds (1 attosecond=10-18 seconds). According to new and recent
experiments, neutrons and electrons colliding with water for just attoseconds
will see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1, so a more
accurate formula for water under these circumstances would be H1.5O.
According to the experimenters (Aris Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann, Technical
University-Berlin, dreismann@chem.TU-Berlin.de, 011-49-30-314-22692), this
"opening of the attosecond time window" may be revealing dramatic quantum
effects that were once too short-lived to catch. Nonetheless, such effects
may revise conventional textbook notions of water and other everyday
molecules. Moreover, these experiments can provide new insights on chemical
reactions at the 100-500 attosecond scale: the neutron and electron probes
break apart the chemical bonds in molecules, as compared to laser-based
attosecond studies, which have just ejected electrons from atoms at this
point.
The story begins in 1995. At the ISIS neutron spallation facility in the UK,
a German-British collaboration collided epithermal neutrons (those with
energies of up to a few hundred electron volts) with a target that included
water molecules (Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al., Physical Review Letters,
13 October 1997). Detecting the number and energy loss of the scattered
neutrons in the resulting attosecond-scale collisions, the researchers
noticed that neutrons were scattering from 25% fewer protons than expected.
Apparently, the protons in hydrogen were sometimes "invisible" to the neutron
probes. While the exact details are still being debated by theorists, the
researchers' own theoretical considerations suggest the presence of
short-lived (sub-femtosecond) entanglement, in which protons in adjacent
hydrogen atoms (and possibly the surrounding electrons) are all interlinked
in such a way as to change the nature of the scattering results. Realizing
that water itself has anomalous properties, the researchers repeated the
neutron experiments in other more typical molecules, for instance in benzene
(conventionally noted as C6H6). In that case, they found that the neutrons
saw a ratio of hydrogen to carbon of 4.5 to 6! Meanwhile, this effect was
also confirmed in various hydrogen-containing metals, in a collaboration with
Uppsala University in Sweden. Now, the researchers (with new colleagues in
Australia) have decided to use an independent experimental method to verify
this effect. In experiments at Australian National University in Canberra,
the researchers used electron probes instead of neutrons, as the two
particles interact with protons via fundamentally different forces (strong
and electromagnetic interactions). Scattering electrons from a solid polymer
called formvar (with basic building block C8H14O2), they observed the exact
same shortfall in scattered electrons from hydrogen nuclei, comparable to the
shortfall of scattered neutrons in accompanying neutron experiments on the
same polymer. This supports the earlier results on water and other systems.
(Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al., Physical Review Letters, 1 August 2003)
--
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