Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: FDTD (放荡*坦荡), 信区: Physics
标 题: How the Proton Got its Spin
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年08月30日14:26:43 星期六), 站内信件
X. Ji, A. Belitsky, F. Yuan/Univ. of Maryland
Quarks on Display.
A new theoretical analysis provides images of the most
probable locations within a proton of quarks with some specified value of
momentum. Here, quarks with small momenta in the vertical direction occupy a
double-cone-shaped region.
Figure
Inside protons are quarks. Experiments can't reveal them directly, but
somehow the behavior of these internal constituents generates a proton's
properties. Making that connection, however, is no easy matter. A theoretical
paper in the 8 August PRL illuminates the proton's interior by turning an
esoteric mathematical description of quarks into a visual form. The pictures
provide tangible detail on how internal dynamics contribute to the proton's
spin.
When the quark picture first emerged in the 1960s, physicists assumed that
the three quarks inside a proton each move in a spherically symmetric
fashion, creating an object that in many respects acts like a little ball.
According to this view, the observed spin of the proton arises simply from
the intrinsic spins of the quarks. In the late 1980s, however, experimental
evidence began to show that much of a proton's spin comes from so-called
orbital motion of the quarks relative to each other, rather than from their
individual spins. In addition, it became apparent that quark-antiquark pairs
and other particles continually flit in and out of existence inside a proton,
all influencing the proton's characteristics.
In 1996, Xiangdong Ji of the University of Maryland in College Park
introduced a mathematical tool that he called the Generalized Parton
Distribution (GPD) and used it to relate experimental data to the
configuration of particles inside a proton. But the GPD, he says, is
"abstract [and] hard to understand" in an intuitive way. As a tool to explore
the origin of proton spin, he adds, it "seemed to be far more complicated
than necessary."
To understand Ji's new way of depicting the internal structure of a proton,
recall the behavior of quantum particles. An electron in a hydrogen atom, for
example, is often represented by an "electron cloud" image. The
dumbbell-shaped "p-orbitals" of a hydrogen atom show where the electron is
most likely to be if the atom is prepared in the quantum state called p.
Similarly, quarks within a proton are quantum particles occupying some volume
of space rather than a specific location. Because of the uncertainty
principle, a quark's momentum is likewise "fuzzy."
Ji's latest trick turns his mathematical GPDs into images that look something
like orbital diagrams for a hydrogen atom. He calls them "color filters"
because they pick out only the quark motion at a certain momentum, just as a
filter in photography shows the scene at a certain color of light. To
understand this filtering, think of cars moving in or out of a city during
rush hour, Ji suggests. If you look at all cars together, you will see a
roughly uniform pattern, but if you image only those vehicles moving north at
30 miles per hour, say, a handful of distinct streets will stand out.
Each of Ji's filter images gives a picture of the most likely locations of
quarks if one only observes at a specific value of momentum. The pictures
show that quarks with some particular momentum do not necessarily occupy a
spherically symmetric region. Adding up the pictures from all quark momenta
does give an exactly spherical distribution. But the non-spherical shapes of
some of the pictures show that quark motion is not entirely random--it
depends on location. In general, says Ji, such a connection between quark
momentum and position implies an overall rotation of the quarks around one
another, which we observe as proton spin.
Ji's latest work is "a real step forward," says Tim Londergan of the Indiana
University in Bloomington. By giving a direct idea of quark location, he
says, Ji's methods can give physical meaning to mathematical concepts that
are not easy to interpret.
--David Lindley
David Lindley is a freelance science writer in Alexandria, Virginia.
Viewing the Proton through Color Filters
Xiangdong Ji
Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 062001
(issue of 8 August 2003)
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