Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Physics
标 题: 密度矩阵
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Thu Feb 26 20:11:34 2004), 站内信件
http://webphysics.davidson.edu/Projects/AnAntonelli/node12.html
The Density Matrix
The derivation of the equations of motion for this model has used the Schr鰀i
nger picture exclusively. There is a better way of examining this problem wh
ich allows the addition of a number of new physical effects. This new pictur
e is called the density matrix picture. We could have derived the basic equa
tions of motion in this formalism; however, it is difficult to improve on th
e elegant derivation which the Schr鰀inger picture offers in this case. Then
one might ask why we appeal to this formalism now. The answer lies in the u
nderlying statistical properties of the density matrix. A basic discussion o
f this formalism can be found in [3].
One can best utilize the Schr鰀inger picture when one knows the complete wav
efunction for the system. If we were interested in examining only one atom i
nteracting with a classical radiation field, then we need not go any further
. Suppose, on the other hand, that we wish to examine how a large number of
atoms interact with a field. In this case, the Schr鰀inger picture becomes u
nwieldy because we would have to solve for the probability amplitudes of eac
h atom. This task is beyond the capabilities of any supercomputer for the nu
mber of atoms in any macroscopic sample. The density matrix is our saviour,
for it does not require a complete wavefunction for a system. Using this for
malism, we can treat a huge number of atoms interacting with a field via sta
tistical means. It is this capability which makes the density matrix appeali
ng in this situation.
The density operator is defined as:
where is the probability of the configuration in some ensemble. The densit
y operator can be written in the form of a matrix, the density matrix. The t
erminology is used interchangeably in the literature, for in Heisenberg's ma
trix mechanics a matrix is an operator.
Before proceeding, a few familiar ideas will be defined in this new formalis
m. We could have discovered the equations of motion for the system at hand b
y jumping directly into this picture via
which is equivalent to the time--dependent Schr鰀inger equation. Another com
mon definition that will be needed is the expectation value
where denotes the trace of the matrix .
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