Physics 版 (精华区)
发信人: zjliu (秋天的萝卜), 信区: Physics
标 题: Physics News Update this week
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Fri May 2 14:25:57 2003) , 转信
A "WATER HAMMER" POWERS UP SONOLUMINESCENCE. In household plumbing, a water h
ammer can occur when the flow of water suddenly slows, generating a temporary
vacuum and a shock wave that together violently shake the plumbing. At this w
eek's meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in Nashville, Seth Putterma
n of UCLA (310-825-2269) described a new "water hammer" method for generating
sonoluminescence (SL), the transformation of sound into light. This new appro
ach yields SL flashes with much higher powers than before. In the ordinary SL
process, a sound wave enters a liquid tank, and produces bubbles that collaps
e and release ultrashort flashes of light. In the SL version of the water hamm
er, researchers shake a 20-inch-long, 1.5 inch diameter cylindrica
l tube with a force of 2 g's. Filled with water and a small amount of xenon g
as, the tube shakes so that water in each half of the tube travels in an oppos
ite direction and temporarily creates a centimeter-long region of vacuum in th
e center. As the vacuum closes, it launches a large shock wave that generates
SL in the water, producing an output of approximately 300 million photons (ab
out a hundred times greater than earlier SL experiments) that add up to a peak
power of about half a watt. The scaled-up photon output, Putterman says, mak
es it possible to perform more and better measurements of the hard-to-understa
nd SL phenomenon. (Su et al., Physics of Fluids, tentatively June 2003.) In a
separate experiment that uses the traditional approach of aiming
sound at a liquid tank, Putterman and colleagues have successfully achieved S
L with 1 MHz sound waves, as opposed to the 20-40 kHz waves that are conventio
nally used. While MHz sound waves are currently used in various acoustics appl
ications, megahertz SL from a single bubble has not been achieved before: The
small wavelength of a MHz acoustical wave makes it very challenging to control
the local sound field in water to the point that a single bubble can collapse
synchronously with sound. Compared to the kilohertz version, megahertz SL pr
oduces a markedly different spectrum of light, and therefore the researchers a
re planning further investigations in this new high-frequency realm.
NICARAGUA IS WET UNDERNEATH. A new seismic study of a rock slab deep undernea
th Nicaragua shows that the slab has the highest concentration of water of any
comparable slab associated with volcanoes. Just as radar can be used to tell
you about landforms and vegetation at the surface, so seismic waves can tell
you about the lay of the land 150 km down. Geoffrey Abers and Terry Plank, sc
ientists from Boston University, and their collaborator from UCSB, Bradley Hac
ker, observed that seismic waves at depths of 100-150 km beneath a string of N
icaraguan volcanoes traveled as if the rock slab down there were acting like a
waveguide. From the wave speeds, the researchers deduced that the water cont
ent of the slab was about 5%, some 2 to 3 times greater than for o
ther subducted slabs. Since water subducted along with oceanic crust sometime
s returns to the surface along with lava, one can check the elevated water con
tent finding. Indeed, the fluid concentration of Nicaraguan lavas is quite hi
gh. Abers (abers@bu.edu) says that the Nicaraguan slab, and another very "wet
" slab he has studied near Guam, are quite steep (the angle of subduction in t
he Nicaraguan case is about 70 degrees), which he believes makes the slab a be
tter conduit for fluids. (Geophysical Research Letters, 1 April 2003.)
CARBON NANOWIRE (CNW), a one-dimensional string of carbon atoms threaded throu
gh a carbon nanotube, has been observed for the first time. Carbon chains hav
e been observed before, but never inside a nanotube. Yosinori Ando and his co
lleagues at Nagoya University (Japan) produced the CNWs amid a welter of nanot
ube whiskers by shooting an electrical arc between two carbon electrodes, and
employ not the usual helium atmosphere but one of hydrogen. (This same team h
as produced the smallest nanotubes---only 0.4 nm in diameter---and multiwalled
nanotubes with the thinnest inner diameter---only 1 nm.) Carbon nanowires sh
ould have interesting mechanical properties; e.g., as ultrastrong fibers they
might serve in Space Shuttle nosecones or as friction-free rotati
onal bearings (see figure at http://www.aip.org/mgr/png/2003/186.htm ). Their
chemistry is also new. The allotropes of carbon are usually classified accor
ding to the type of chemical bonding, whether of the "s" type (the electron re
siding in a spherical orbital cloud) or the "p" type (dumbbell shaped orbital)
. The three known carbon bondings are sp^3 (diamond), sp^2 (graphite, fullere
ne, and nanotubes), and sp (carbon chain). The CNW allotrope, however, partak
es of both the sp and sp^2 bondings. In the electronic realm, CNWs might prov
ide the smallest possible metal-metal junction, or provide highly coherent poi
nt sources of mono-energetic electron beams. Finally, CNWs provide a quick wa
y to study 1-dimension carbon chains, which might account for some
of the mysterious emissions from interstellar space. (Zhao et al., Physical
Review Letters, upcoming article; contact Yoshinori Ando, 81-52-832-1151, x528
0, yando@ccmfs.meijo-u..ac.jp; website, http://www.meijo-u.ac.jp/ST/coe/ENGLIS
H/index2.html )
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