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发信人: FDTD (放荡*坦荡), 信区: Physics
标 题: [转寄] [转载] Have physicists seen magnetic monopoles?(转载)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2003年10月11日19:42:35 星期六), 站内信件
【 以下文字转载自 FDTD 的信箱 】
【 原文由 dwq.bbs@bbs.nju.edu.cn 所发表 】
发信人: nanoH (风飘飘而吹衣), 信区: Physics
标 题: [转载] Have physicists seen magnetic monopoles?
发信站: 南京大学小百合站 (Fri Oct 3 14:16:59 2003)
Have physicists seen magnetic monopoles?
2 October 2003
Paul Dirac first put forward the idea of the magnetic monopole - a particle th
at carries an isolated north or south magnetic pole - in 1931, but all experim
ental searches for these elusive particles have proved fruitless. However, a g
roup of physicists from Japan, China and Switzerland are now claiming that the
y have found indirect evidence for monopoles. The team observed an anomalous H
all effect in a ferromagnetic crystal that they say can only be explained by t
he existence of magnetic monopoles (Z Fang et al. 2003 Science 302 92).
The lack of symmetry between electric and magnetic fields is one of the oldest
puzzles in physics. Why is it possible to isolate positive and negative elect
ric charges, but not north and south magnetic poles? Dirac linked the existenc
e of magnetic monopoles with the quantization of electric charge - another puz
zle that is still not fully understood - but they have never been detected in
an experiment.
Magnetic monopoles are also predicted by some theories that seek to unify the
electroweak and strong interactions. However, the monopole masses that are pre
dicted by these so-called grand unified theories are much too large - about 10
16 giga-electronvolts - to be detected in experiments.
Instead of searching for magnetic monopoles in real space, Yoshinori Tokura of
the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) i
n Tsukuba and co-workers turned to momentum space - the mathematical space in
which condensed matter physicists construct Fermi surfaces, Brillouin zones an
d so on. The team was motivated by recent theoretical work which suggested tha
t the behaviour of magnetic monopoles in momentum space is closely related to
the anomalous Hall effect.
http://bbs1.nju.edu.cn/file/10651582491.jpg
Figure 1 Transverse resistivity ρxy for the single crystal, thin film and
calcium doped thin film (image credit: Z Fang et al. 2003 Science 302 92).
Tokura and co-workers placed a high-quality crystal made of strontium, rutheni
um and oxygen in a magnetic field that pointed in the z direction, and then me
asured the transverse resistivity - the resistivity in the y direction - as a
current flowed in the x direction. They found that the resistivity did not cha
nge linearly with temperature, as expected, but varied non-monotonously and ev
en changed sign (figure 1).
The researchers also measured the transverse optical conductivity of a thin fi
lm of the crystal using a technique known as high-resolution Kerr microscopy a
nd found a sharp peak at low energies. According to Tokura and co-workers, thi
s peak can only be explained by the presence of monopoles in the band structur
e of the crystal.
The Japan-China-Switzerland team believe that both of these anomalous effects
are "fingerprints" for the existence of magnetic monopoles. The team now plans
to study materials that show even larger anomalous effects. "The laws of elec
tromagnetism are the starting point for every area of physics," says team memb
er Kei Takahashi of the University of Geneva. "From this view point, we have p
roved that we can investigate most physics subjects - including particle physi
cs and cosmology - in experiments on solid crystals."
Author
Belle Dumé is Science Writer at PhysicsWeb
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※ 修改:.LargeSea 於 Oct 3 13:19:18 2003 修改本文.[FROM: 202.204.198.102]
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