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ÈÕ ÆÚ: Mon Oct 20 13:01:00 1997
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The Nature of
Space and Time
Two relativists present their distinctive views on the universe, its
evolution and the impact of quantum theory
by Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose
I. Introduction
In 1994 Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose gave a
series of public lectures on general relativity at the
Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences at the
University of Cambridge. From these lectures, published
this year by Princeton University Press as The Nature of
Space and Time, Scientific American has culled excerpts
that serve to compare and contrast the perspectives of
the two scientists. Although they share a common heritage
in physics-Penrose served on Hawking's Ph.D. thesis
committee at Cambridge-the lecturers differ in their
vision of quantum mechanics and its impact on the
evolution of the universe. In particular, Hawking and
Penrose disagree on what happens to the information
stored in a black hole and on why the beginning of the
universe differs from the end.
One of Hawking's major discoveries, made in 1973, was
that quantum effects will cause black holes to emit
particles. The black hole will evaporate in the process,
so that ultimately perhaps nothing of the original mass
will be left. But during their formation, black holes
swallow a lot of data-the types, properties and
configurations of the particles that fall in. Although
quantum theory requires that such information must be
conserved, what finally happens to it remains a topic of
contentious debate. Hawking and Penrose both believe that
when a black hole radiates, it loses the information it
held. But Hawking insists that the loss is irretrievable,
whereas Penrose argues that the loss is balanced by
spontaneous measurements of quantum states that introduce
information back into the system.
Both scientists agree that a future quantum theory of
gravity is needed to describe nature. But they differ in
their view of some aspects of this theory. Penrose thinks
that even though the fundamental forces of particle
physics are symmetric in time-unchanged if time is
reversed-quantum gravity will violate time symmetry. The
time asymmetry will then explain why in the beginning the
universe was so uniform, as evinced by the microwave
background radiation left over from the big bang, whereas
the end of the universe must be messy.
Penrose attempts to encapsulate this time asymmetry in
his Weyl curvature hypothesis. Space-time, as Albert
Einstein discovered, is curved by the presence of matter.
But space-time can also have some intrinsic bending, a
quantity designated by the Weyl curvature. Gravitational
waves and black holes, for example, allow space-time to
curve even in regions that are empty. In the early
universe the Weyl curvature was probably zero, but in a
dying universe the large number of black holes, Penrose
argues, will give rise to a high Weyl curvature. This
property will distinguish the end of the universe from
the beginning.
Hawking agrees that the big bang and the final "big
crunch" will be different, but he does not subscribe to a
time asymmetry in the laws of nature. The underlying
reason for the difference, he thinks, is the way in which
the universe's evolution is programmed. He postulates a
kind of democracy, stating that no point in the universe
can be special; therefore, the universe cannot have a
boundary. This no-boundary proposal, Hawking claims,
explains the uniformity in the microwave background
radiation.
The physicists diverge, ultimately, in their
interpretation of quantum mechanics. Hawking believes
that all a theory has to do is provide predictions that
agree with data. Penrose thinks that simply comparing
predictions with experiments is not enough to explain
reality. He points out that quantum theory requires wave
functions to be "superposed," a concept that can lead to
absurdities. The scientists thus pick up the threads of
the famous debates between Einstein and Niels Bohr on the
bizarre implications of quantum theory. -The Editors
Copyright ©1996 by Princeton University Press. From the
book entitled The Nature of Space and Time by Stephen
Hawking and Roger Penrose, published by Princeton
University Press. Printed by permission.
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