Science 版 (精华区)
作 家: Smart (Cynic) on board 'Science'
题 目: <<NST>>II --- Stephen Hawking on quantum black holes
来 源: 哈尔滨紫丁香站
日 期: Mon Oct 20 13:01:05 1997
出 处: wangw@phy5.hit.edu.cn
The Nature of
Space and Time
Two relativists present their distinctive views on the universe, its
evolution and the impact of quantum theory
by Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose
II. Stephen Hawking on quantum black holes:
The quantum theory of black holes...seems to lead to a
new level of unpredictability in physics over and above
the usual uncertainty associated with quantum mechanics.
This is because black holes appear to have intrinsic
entropy and to lose information from our region of the
universe. I should say that these claims are
controversial: many people working on quantum gravity,
including almost all those who entered it from particle
physics, would instinctively reject the idea that
information about the quantum state of a system could be
lost. However, they have had very little success in
showing how information can get out of a black hole.
Eventually I believe they will be forced to accept my
suggestion that it is lost, just as they were forced to
agree that black holes radiate, which went against all
their preconceptions...
The fact that gravity is attractive means that it will
tend to draw the matter in the universe together to form
objects like stars and galaxies. These can support
themselves for a time against further contraction by
thermal pressure, in the case of stars, or by rotation
and internal motions, in the case of galaxies. However,
eventually the heat or the angular momentum will be
carried away and the object will begin to shrink. If the
mass is less than about one and a half times that of the
Sun, the contraction can be stopped by the degeneracy
pressure of electrons or neutrons. The object will settle
down to be a white dwarf or a neutron star, respectively.
However, if the mass is greater than this limit there is
nothing that can hold it up and stop it continuing to
contract. Once it has shrunk to a certain critical size
the gravitational field at its surface will be so strong
that the light cones will be bent inward.... You can see
that even the outgoing light rays are bent toward each
other and so are converging rather than diverging. This
means that there is a closed trapped surface....
Thus there must be a region of space-time from which it
is not possible to escape to infinity. This region is
said to be a black hole. Its boundary is called the event
horizon and is a null surface formed by the light rays
that just fail to get away to infinity.... Computer
animations help clarify some of there peculiar phenomena
[A] large amount of information is lost when a body
collapses to form a black hole. The collapsing body is
described by a very large number of parameters. There are
the types of matter and the multipole moments of the mass
distribution. Yet the black hole that forms is completely
independent of the type of matter and rapidly loses all
the multipole moments except the first two: the monopole
moment, which is the mass, and the dipole moment, which
is the angular momentum.
This loss of information didn't really matter in the
classical theory. One could say that all the information
about the collapsing body was still inside the black
hole. It would be very difficult for an observer outside
the black hole to determine what the collapsing body was
like. However, in the classical theory it was still
possible in principle. The observer would never actually
lose sight of the collapsing body. Instead it would
appear to slow down and get very dim as it approached the
event horizon. But the observer could still see what it
was made of and how the mass was distributed.
However, quantum theory changed all this. First, the
collapsing body would send out only a limited number of
photons before it crossed the event horizon. They would
be quite insufficient to carry all the information about
the collapsing body. This means that in quantum theory
there's no way an outside observer can measure the state
of the collapsed body. One might not think that this
mattered too much, because the information would still be
inside the black hole even if one couldn't measure it
from the outside. But this is where the second effect of
quantum theory on black holes comes in....
[Quantum] theory will cause black holes to radiate and
lose mass. It seems that they will eventually disappear
completely, taking with them the information inside them.
I will give arguments that this information really is
lost and doesn't come back in some form. As I will show,
this loss of information would introduce a new level of
uncertainty into physics over and above the usual
uncertainty associated with quantum theory.
Unfortunately, unlike Heisenberg's uncertainty principle,
this extra level will be rather difficult to confirm
experimentally in the case of black holes.
--
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