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作 家: Smart (Cynic) on board 'Science'
题 目: <<NST>>III --- Roger Penrose on quantum theory and space-time
来 源: 哈尔滨紫丁香站
日 期: Mon Oct 20 13:01:06 1997
出 处: wangw@phy5.hit.edu.cn
The Nature of
Space and Time
Two relativists present their distinctive views on the universe, its
evolution and the impact of quantum theory
by Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose
III. Roger Penrose on quantum theory and space-time:
The great physical theories of the 20th century have been
quantum theory, special relativity, general relativity
and quantum field theory. These theories are not
independent of each other: general relativity was built
on special relativity, and quantum field theory has
special relativity and quantum theory as inputs.
It has been said that quantum field theory is the most
accurate physical theory ever, being accurate to about
one part in about 1011. However, I would like to point
out that general relativity has, in a certain clear
sense, now been tested to be correct to one part in 1014
(and this accuracy has apparently been limited merely by
the accuracy of clocks on Earth). I am speaking of the
Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar PSR 1913+16, a pair of neutron
stars orbiting each other, one of which is a pulsar.
General relativity predicts that this orbit will slowly
decay (and the period shorten) because energy is lost
through the emission of gravitational waves. This has
indeed been observed, and the entire description of the
motion...agrees with general relativity (which I am
taking to include Newtonian theory) to the remarkable
accuracy, noted above, over an accumulated period of 20
years. The discoverers of this system have now rightly
been awarded Nobel Prizes for their work. The quantum
theorists have always claimed that because of the
accuracy of their theory, it should be general relativity
that is changed to fit their mold, but I think now that
it is quantum field theory that has some catching up to
do.
Although these four theories have been remarkably
successful, they are not without their
problems....General relativity predicts the existence of
space-time singularities. In quantum theory there is the
"measurement problem"-I shall describe this later. It may
be taken that the solution to the various problems of
these theories lies in the fact that they are incomplete
on their own. For example, it is anticipated by many that
quantum field theory might "smear" out the singularities
of general relativity in some way....
I should now like to talk about information loss in black
holes, which I claim is relevant to this last issue. I
agree with nearly all that Stephen had to say on this.
But while Stephen regards the information loss due to
black holes as an extra uncertainty in physics, above and
beyond the uncertainty from quantum theory, I regard it
as a "complementary" uncertainty.... It is possible that
a little bit of information escapes at the moment of the
black hole evaporation...but this tiny information gain
will be much smaller than the information loss in the
collapse (in what I regard as any reasonable picture of
the hole's final disappearance).
If we enclose the system in a vast box, as a thought
experiment, we can consider the phase-space evolution of
matter inside the box. In the region of phase space
corresponding to situations in which a black hole is
present, trajectories of physical evolution will converge
and volumes following these trajectories will shrink.
This is due to the information lost into the singularity
in the black hole. This shrinking is in direct
contradiction to the theorem in classical mechanics,
called Liouville's Theorem, which says that volumes in
phase space remain constant....Thus a black hole
space-time violates this conservation. However, in my
picture, this loss of phase-space volume is balanced by a
process of "spontaneous" quantum measurement in which
information is gained and phase-space volumes increase.
This is why I regard the uncertainty due to information
loss in black holes as being "complementary" to the
uncertainty in quantum theory: one is the other side of
the coin to the other....
[Let] us consider the Schroedinger's cat thought
experiment. It describes the plight of a cat in a box,
where (let us say) a photon is emitted which encounters a
half-silvered mirror, and the transmitted part of the
photon's wave function encounters a detector which, if it
detects the photon, automatically fires a gun, killing
the cat. If it fails to detect the photon, then the cat
is alive and well. (I know Stephen does not approve of
mistreating cats, even in a thought experiment!) The wave
function of the system is a superposition of these two
possibilities....But why does our perception not allow us
to perceive macroscopic superpositions, of states such as
these, and not just the macroscopic alternatives "cat is
dead" and "cat is alive"?...
I am suggesting that something goes wrong with
superpositions of the alternative space-time geometries
that would occur when general relativity begins to become
involved. Perhaps a superposition of two different
geometries is unstable and decays into one of the two
alternatives. For example, the geometries might be the
space-times of a live cat, or a dead one. I call this
decay into one or the other alternative objective
reduction, which I like as a name because it has an
appropriately nice acronym (OR). How does the Planck
length 10-33 centimeter relate to this? Nature's
criterion for determining when two geometries are
significantly different would depend upon the Planck
scale, and this fixes the timescale in which the
reduction into different alternatives occurs.
--
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