Science 版 (精华区)
作 家: Smart (Cynic) on board 'Science'
题 目: <<NST>>IV --- Hawking on quantum cosmology
来 源: 哈尔滨紫丁香站
日 期: Mon Oct 20 13:01:08 1997
出 处: wangw@phy5.hit.edu.cn
The Nature of
Space and Time
Two relativists present their distinctive views on the universe, its
evolution and the impact of quantum theory
by Stephen W. Hawking and Roger Penrose
IV. Hawking on quantum cosmology:
I will end this lecture on a topic on which Roger and I
have very different views-the arrow of time. There is a
very clear distinction between the forward and the
backward directions of time in our region of the
universe. One only has to watch a film being run backward
to see the difference. Instead of cups falling off tables
and getting broken, they would mend themselves and jump
back on the table. If only real life were like that.
The local laws that physical fields obey are time
symmetric, or more precisely, CPT (charge-parity-time)
invariant. Thus, the observed difference between the past
and the future must come from the boundary conditions of
the universe. Let us take it that the universe is
spatially closed and that it expands to a maximum size
and collapses again. As Roger has emphasized, the
universe will be very different at the two ends of this
history. At what we call the beginning of the universe,
it seems to have been very smooth and regular. However,
when it collapses again, we expect it to be very
disordered and irregular. Because there are so many more
disordered configurations than ordered ones, this means
that the initial conditions would have had to be chosen
incredibly precisely.
It seems, therefore, that there must be different
boundary conditions at the two ends of time. Roger's
proposal is that the Weyl tensor should vanish at one end
of time but not the other. The Weyl tensor is that part
of the curvature of space-time that is not locally
determined by the matter through the Einstein equations.
It would have been small in the smooth, ordered early
stages but large in the collapsing universe. Thus, this
proposal would distinguish the two ends of time and so
might explain the arrow of time.
I think Roger's proposal is Weyl in more than one sense
of the word. First, it is not CPT invariant. Roger sees
this as a virtue, but I feel one should hang on to
symmetries unless there are compelling reasons to give
them up. Second, if the Weyl tensor had been exactly zero
in the early universe, it would have been exactly
homogeneous and isotropic and would have remained so for
all time. Roger's Weyl hypothesis could not explain the
fluctuations in the background nor the perturbations that
give rise to galaxies and bodies like ourselves.
Despite all this, I think Roger has put his finger on an
important difference between the two ends of time. But
the fact that the Weyl tensor was small at one end should
not be imposed as an ad hoc boundary condition but should
be deduced from a more fundamental principle, the
no-boundary proposal....
How can the two ends of time be different? Why should
perturbations be small at one end but not the other? The
reason is there are two possible complex solutions of the
field equations.... Obviously, one solution corresponds
to one end of time and the other to the other.... At one
end, the universe was very smooth and the Weyl tensor was
very small. It could not, however, be exactly zero, for
that would have been a violation of the uncertainty
principle. Instead there would have been small
fluctuations that later grew into galaxies and bodies
like us. By contrast, the universe would have been very
irregular and chaotic at the other end of time with a
Weyl tensor that was typically large. This would explain
the observed arrow of time and why cups fall off tables
and break rather than mend themselves and jump back on.
--
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