P_cliff 版 (精华区)
发信人: cliff (狗皮膏药), 信区: P_cliff
标 题: Scientist: Four golden lessons(zz)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Sep 4 13:11:14 2005), 转信
Nature 426, 389 (27 November 2003)
Scientist: Four golden lessons
STEVEN WEINBERG
Steven Weinberg is in the Department of Physics, the University of Texas at
Austin, Texas 78712, USA. This essay is based on a commencement talk given by
the author at the Science Convocation at McGill University in June 2003.
When I received my undergraduate degree, about a hundred years ago, the
physics literature seemed to me a vast, unexplored ocean, every part of which
I had to chart before beginning any research of my own. How could I do
anything without knowing everything that had already been done? Fortunately,
in my first year of graduate school, I had the good luck to fall into the
hands of senior physicists who insisted, over my anxious objections, that I
must start doing research, and pick up what I needed to know as I went along.
It was sink or swim. To my surprise, I found that this works. I managed to get
a quick PhD ? though when I got it I knew almost nothing about physics. But I
did learn one big thing: that no one knows everything, and you don't have to.
Another lesson to be learned, to continue using my oceanographic metaphor, is
that while you are swimming and not sinking you should aim for rough water.
When I was teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late
1960s, a student told me that he wanted to go into general relativity rather
than the area I was working on, elementary particle physics, because the
principles of the former were well known, while the latter seemed like a mess
to him. It struck me that he had just given a perfectly good reason for doing
the opposite. Particle physics was an area where creative work could still be
done. It really was a mess in the 1960s, but since that time the work of many
theoretical and experimental physicists has been able to sort it out, and put
everything (well, almost everything) together in a beautiful theory known as
the standard model. My advice is to go for the messes ? that's where the
action is.
My third piece of advice is probably the hardest to take. It is to forgive
yourself for wasting time. Students are only asked to solve problems that
their professors (unless unusually cruel) know to be solvable. In addition, it
doesn't matter if the problems are scientifically important, they have to be
solved to pass the course. But in the real world, it's very hard to know which
problems are important, and you never know whether at a given moment in
history a problem is solvable. At the beginning of the twentieth century,
several leading physicists, including Lorentz and Abraham, were trying to work
out a theory of the electron. This was partly in order to understand why all
attempts to detect effects of Earth's motion through the ether had failed. We
now know that they were working on the wrong problem. At that time, no one
could have developed a successful theory of the electron, because quantum
mechanics had not yet been discovered. It took the genius of Albert Einstein
in 1905 to realize that the right problem on which to work was the effect of
motion on measurements of space and time. This led him to the special theory
of relativity. As you will never be sure which are the right problems to work
on, most of the time that you spend in the laboratory or at your desk will be
wasted. If you want to be creative, then you will have to get used to spending
most of your time not being creative, to being becalmed on the ocean of
scientific knowledge.
Finally, learn something about the history of science, or at a minimum the
history of your own branch of science. The least important reason for this is
that the history may actually be of some use to you in your own scientific
work. For instance, now and then scientists are hampered by believing one of
the over-simplified models of science that have been proposed by philosophers
from Francis Bacon to Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. The best antidote to the
philosophy of science is a knowledge of the history of science.
More importantly, the history of science can make your work seem more
worthwhile to you. As a scientist, you're probably not going to get rich. Your
friends and relatives probably won't understand what you're doing. And if you
work in a field like elementary particle physics, you won't even have the
satisfaction of doing something that is immediately useful. But you can get
great satisfaction by recognizing that your work in science is a part of
history.
Look back 100 years, to 1903. How important is it now who was Prime Minister
of Great Britain in 1903, or President of the United States? What stands out
as really important is that at McGill University, Ernest Rutherford and
Frederick Soddy were working out the nature of radioactivity. This work (of
course!) had practical applications, but much more important were its cultural
implications. The understanding of radioactivity allowed physicists to explain
how the Sun and Earth's cores could still be hot after millions of years. In
this way, it removed the last scientific objection to what many geologists and
paleontologists thought was the great age of the Earth and the Sun. After
this, Christians and Jews either had to give up belief in the literal truth of
the Bible or resign themselves to intellectual irrelevance. This was just one
step in a sequence of steps from Galileo through Newton and Darwin to the
present that, time after time, has weakened the hold of religious dogmatism.
Reading any newspaper nowadays is enough to show you that this work is not yet
complete. But it is civilizing work, of which scientists are able to feel
proud.
--
─┼────────────────┼─
│ 有屁不放 憋坏心脏 │
│ 没屁硬挤 锻炼身体 │
│ 屁放得响 能当校长 │
│ 屁放得臭 能当教授 │
─┼────────────────┼─
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.239.7]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:4.910毫秒