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发信人: popstar (卖女孩的小火柴*将考研进行到底*), 信区: Exam
标题: 考研英语阅读范例一范例一
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Thu Aug 22 13:23:49 2002) , 转信

考研英语阅读范例一范例一（1999年第五篇）

原文：
Science, in practice,depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on t
he preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac N
ewton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had b
een falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them
fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital mo
tion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn' t they fall o
ut of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up i
nto the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larg
er fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets.

How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into
the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was ju
st wondering.His mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictabllity is par
t of the essential nature of research. If you don' t have unpredictable things
, you don' t have research. Scienltists tend to forget this when writing their
cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with
examples of it.

In talking to some scienlists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the
impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginativ
e thought . I've attended research conferences where a scientist has been aske
d what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a acertain experiment. T
he scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "the data are still i
nconclusive." "We know that, " the men from the budget office have said, "but
what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expec
t?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate.

What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim o
f his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently tha
t he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business
management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out acc
ording to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate ,
then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce res
ults measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors t
o believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they w
ill get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on
the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity
and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the
writing of his papers would appear to reflect , is management to be blamed fo
r discriminating against the "odd balls among researchers in favor of more con
ventional thinkers who "work well with the team. "

上文中兰色的为重要句子，红色的为关键词。

67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that __ A
[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments
[.B]science advances when fruitful researches are conducted
[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research
[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research

68 . The author asserts that sclentists __B
[A] shouldn't replace "scientific method" with imaginative thought
[.B] shouldn't neglect to speculate on unpredictable things
[C] should write more concise reports for technical journals
[D]should be confident about their research findings

69. It seems that some young scientists__D
[A]have a keen interest in prediction
[.B]often speculate on the future
[C] think highly of creative thinking
[D]stick to "scientific method"

70. The author implies that the results of scientific research__A
[A]may not be as profitable as they are expected
[.B]can be measured in dollars and cents
[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern
[D]are mostly underestimated by management

对这篇阅读题，先模拟考试作完（泛读），对上答案。然后按照我说的步骤，精读文章，
最后分析题目。
一。生词
supposedly 据推测
The two articles were supposedly written by the same author.

cut and dried 单调乏味的
His speech is cut and dried because he has nothing new to say.

advisability 可取性
He stated the advisability of the plan in his report.

inconclusive 非结论性的
The judge ruled the evidence inconclusive.

what this amount to is that 这么说的全部意思是...
This amounts to doing the whole thing all over again.

keep an eye on 留意
Please keep an eye on my daughter while I go out.

二。文章类型：对立层进型议论文
文章一开始指出做科学工作的两个方面（experiments it prepares <--->preparedness
of the minds),并指出研究应是后者而非前者。此后作者进一步对此阐述引申，并不断同
义复现这两个方面。

三。文章结构：

第一段）第一层（1句）：全文主旨句。出现两个关键词：experiments it prepares, pr
eparedness of the minds
第二层（余下句）：举牛顿的例子，旨在支持第一句的论点。

第二段）第一层（1-4句）：对牛顿的例子进行总结，再次强调了第一段提出的观点（rea
dy for the unpredictable)
第二层（5-6句）：对第一段提出的论点进一步阐述，引申，指出实验者要对实验中的不可
预测现象做好心智准备。
第三层（7句）：但在论文中却表现出可预测性（predictable),而不是不可预测性(unpre
dictability)
在本段中，出现了关键词复现：mind was ready for the unpredictable(==have unpred
ictable things),与第一段中的的"preparedness of the minds"照应。

第三，四段）从反面反驳了不科学的态度方法，并反面论证了这类人最终导致的后果。
第三段：第一层（1句）：本段主题句（作者持否定态度），这里再次关键词同义复现：s
cientific method <--->imaginative thought
第二层（余下句）：举反例以说明这位科学家以“科学方法”代替“想象性思维”，即忽
视对unpredicatable things 的 speculation
第四段：执著于“科学方法”的人最终的后果（victim of his own writings)
第一层（1-2句）指出只讲“scientific method"的人给自己及management带来的危害。

第二层（余下句）通过三个并列关系的句子来具体论证如何带来危害。

四。难句分析（第四段第二层）
1。翻译：
本层中的第1句话：如果真实地按照科学杂志的论文所说的计划实验和据此实行实验，那
么管理层期望研究能产生以金钱衡量的结果就非常合乎逻辑了。

本层中的第2句话：审计者完全有理由相信，那些精确知道要做什么和怎样做的科学家们
不应该因一定要一只眼盯着收银机一只眼盯着显微镜而分心。

本层中的第3句话：如果就象论文的写作似乎反映的那样，科学家（对实验）也要求规律
性和对某个标准模式的一致符合性，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中的“富有奇思异想
的怪人”，青睐“善于团体合作”的更为传统的研究者而受到指责了。

2。结构框架
If A, it is perfectly logical to X
It is entirely reasonable to X'
If B, nor is Y
易知，X和X'都是因A而产生的；Y是因B而产生的。

3。分析

本层第1句中，if所引的A是“stick to scientific method"的科学家的观点，做法，即他
们认为实验应与杂志上发表的论文指出的一致；作者对此是否定的，因为作者在前文一再
强调了实验中的不可预测性（unpredictable),从而作者对这句的后半部分，即X，也是否
认的。

由《结构分析》中指出的，“X和X'都是因A而产生”，故作者对第2句也是否定的。

第3句，其分析类似于第1句，即作者否认B，从而否认“not is management to be blame
d for......"。注意，在if所引导的句子中，有一个”as the writing of his papers w
ould appear to reflect",是说科学家的论文写作反映出规律性，与某种标准模式的一致
符合性，也即predictable,这正照应了第二段最后一句中的“scientists tend to forge
t this (unpredictable things)when writing their cut and dried reports for the
technical journals(这句话是说科学家在写论文时，却往往使论文表现出可预测性，而不
是不可预测性）”。

（注意：本文中出现了predict(第二段）及speculate.要注意分清predict不同与specula
te。predict:to say in advance that something will happen. speculate: to form o
pinions from undefinite or uncomplete knowledge.作者是赞同speculate the unpred
ictable的，但反对predict anything )

五。信息词的同义复现

第一段:experiments it prepares(第1句主旨句）<---> preparedness of the minds（第
1句，主旨句）
第二段: -------------------------------- <---> minds was ready for unpredictab
le（第4句）
第三段： scientific method（第1句，主题句） <---> imaginative thought (第1句，
主题句）

六。题解及分析
第一题：
题型：举例
命题处：第一段（并与第二段前半部分有关）
解题技巧：凡例子，名言均是为所在段的观点服务的。由第一段主旨句的关键词"prepare
dness of the minds"可知选A。同时，第二段中更明确地讲了这个例子的作用，其中有"r
eady for the unpredictable".
规律总结：凡例子，引言，谚语均是为所在段的观点服务的，有时，也是为全篇主旨服务
的。

第二题：
题型：推断
命题处：第三段第一句（主题句）
出题实质：实质上是问的全篇主旨
解题技巧: 本段主题句说的是有些科学家用“scientific method"代替"imaginative tho
ught(==speculate the unpredictable)"；此外，由这段的例子，尤其是"the scientist
has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate",还有下一段的“what t
his amounts to is that the scientist has become the victim,知作者对”find scie
ntific method a substitute for imaginative thought "是持否定的。故知B
干扰项分析:A项考察"X is a substitute for Y"和"replace X with Y"在意义表达上的区
别.稍不仔细,就会误选.前者的意思是X取代Y;后者的意思是Y取代X.
规律总结:(1) 可以看出,近年命题越来越偏向在备选项中考察语法知识中的难点,模糊点.

(2)强干扰项往往出现在正确项前面.这样可以增加命题难度.

第三题:
题型: 细节
命题处: 第三段第1句(主题句)
解题技巧:抓住关键词"scientific method"

第四题:
题型: 推断
命题处: 第四段第二层.
解题技巧:(1)见<难句分析>
(2)此外,可如下来思考:作者处处强调不可预知性,故the results of scientific reseac
h 当然不能"as they are expected".

本篇完。

本上下篇以1999年最后一篇文章（也即文章最难的一篇）为例，示范如何对一篇文章精读
泛读相结合，并兼对题目分析。请注意，本文并不是提供一个客观的完全正确的阅读题解
答思路，而是提供一种普适的方法，教会大家如何使用阅读真题，阅读模拟题等。就我辅
导的经验来看（我自己复习期间曾辅导过三位朋友），这种方法是比较科学的。

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