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发信人: bonjovi (bonjovi), 信区: Flyingoverseas
标 题: TWE写作素材(3)——Vision about the 21st Century
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年02月26日13:19:45 星期一), 站内信件
In the 2020s, you may be able to buy a ''recipe'' for a PC over the net, ins
ert plastic and conductive molecules into your ''nanobox,'' and have it spit
out a computer
Matter will become software. That's not a misprint: Matter will become softw
are. As a result, we'll be able to use the Internet to download not just sof
tware but hardware, too. So predicts James C. Ellenbogen, the nanotechnology
honcho at Mitre Corp., a Pentagon-funded research center in McLean, Va.
Nanotechnology is the craft of constructing things smaller than a few hundre
d nanometers, or billionths of a meter. That's the span of a few scores of a
toms strung together. Move automated assembly down to such scales, and the i
mplications for manufacturing are pretty clear: Whole sectors of production
could get clobbered. It could start with semiconductors in the 2010s, then s
pread to other small products, like cellular phones.
Ellenbogen makes a compelling case for his matter-as-software scenario. ''Th
ink about what happens when you download software today,'' he explains. ''Yo
u're rearranging the material structure on your disk'' by changing the magne
tic properties of clumps of molecules. If the guts of computers were no larg
er than those clumps, you could rearrange molecules on the disk to build chi
ps. Researchers are already busy developing techniques to make pinhead-size
computers, ''and the bits and pieces of these nanocomputers are far smaller
than the physical structures we now manipulate to hold information on disk d
rives,'' Ellenbogen says. ''So someday soon, we could download hardware from
the Net just like we download software today.''
New disk drives will be needed to physically reproduce some hardware downloa
ds. One concept is to make a read/write head from a cluster of ultrasharp po
ints to nudge atoms and molecules this way or that. Two groups--headed by Ca
lvin F. Quate at Stanford University and Noel C. MacDonald at Cornell Univer
sity--are working on that, building on a decade of experiments using the tip
s of scanning-tunneling microscopes and related gear to move atoms around. T
he first such feat came in 1990, when Donald M. Eigler, a physicist at IBM's
Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif., wrote ''IBM'' on a nickel plat
e with 35 xenon atoms.
''Once we have the technology to build computers no bigger than grains of sa
lt,'' Ellenbogen says, ''we're in a fundamentally new ball game.'' Computers
that tiny will be dirt cheap, so they'll be everywhere. A computer in linge
rie will tell the washing machine what the water temperature should be. Ball
point pens will blink a warning when their ink gets low. Your shoes will let
your car know you're approaching, so it can adjust the seat and mirrors and
unlock the door.
COPY SHOP. But the grand slam in the matter-is-software ballpark will be the
nanobox. This is a sort of futuristic copy machine that combines nanotech f
abrication with today's so-called desktop-manufacturing methods, used mainly
to knock out quick prototypes of new products. If you want a new cell phone
, you'll purchase a recipe on the Net. It will tell you to insert a sheet of
plastic and squirt electrically conductive molecules into the ''toner'' car
tridge. The nanobox will pass the plastic back and forth, laying down patter
ns of molecules, then electrically direct them to assemble themselves into c
ircuits and an antenna. Next, using different ''toners,'' the nanobox will a
dd a keypad, speaker, and microphone and finally build up a housing.
Don't expect such a gadget until around 2020. The first experiments to downl
oad nanoscale computer circuits won't happen much before 2005. A decade afte
r that, nanofab systems could be ''writing matter''--initially producing nan
ochips.
Concrete progress toward that goal came in July from the branch of nanotech
called molecular electronics. A team from the University of California at Lo
s Angeles and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories unveiled a so-called logic gate m
ade by molecular self-assembly. Next, the team will shrink the wires on chip
s, aiming to produce chips ''in the region of 100 nanometers on a side,'' sa
ys Philip J. Kuekes, a researcher at HP Labs. ''What makes chipmaking so exp
ensive now,'' he adds, ''is the extreme mechanical precision required. But w
ith chemistry, we can turn out chips like Kodak does film--in long rolls, an
d you'll just cut out little squares.''
Such notions have grabbed Washington's attention. Seven months ago, the Defe
nse Advanced Research Projects Agency launched a Molecular Electronics Progr
am. And Congress seems eager to spend a lot more on nanotech research. One p
lan would double the current budget of $232 million over the next three year
s. The White House may go along, because it has already tagged nanotech as o
ne of 11 critical research areas.
Back at Mitre, the latest feat of Ellenbogen's crew, unveiled in mid-August,
is a design for a minuscule robot to help assemble nanofabrication systems.
Currently, it measures almost five millimeters along one side, or one-sixth
of an inch. But suppose such robots were to use nanofab techniques to produ
ce progressively smaller versions of themselves. Eventually, they might end
up smaller than specks of dust.
Robots that tiny could fulfill K. Eric Drexler's vision of nanobots capable
of manipulating individual atoms. In his trailblazing 1986 book, Engines of
Creation, the founder of the Foresight Institute in Palo Alto, Calif., paint
ed a riveting picture of nanotech's potential. Drexler essentially launched
the nanotech era and inspired such fancies as armies of invisible nanobots r
oaming carpets and shelves, dismantling dust into atoms that get reconstitut
ed as napkins, soap, or anything else--including nanocomputers.
Building computers atom by atom remains a distant dream, though, and Ellenbo
gen wants quick results. ''So I'm betting on molecular electronics for the n
ear term,'' he says. That looks like a good nanogamble.
Soon, technology may have the power to track every waking moment of your lif
e--and preserve it in a form that will allow your great-great-great grandchi
ldren to quiz a virtual you
Einstein's brain? Not exactly, but software allows Carnegie Mellon Universit
y professor Raj Reddy to "converse" with a simulated version of the great sc
ientist.
So you'd like to live forever? By the year 2050, you might actually get your
wish--providing you are willing to evacuate your biological body and take u
p residence in silicon circuits. But long before then, perhaps as early as 2
005, less radical measures will begin offering a semblance of immortality.
Researchers are confident that technology will soon be able to track every w
aking moment of your life. Whatever you see and hear, plus all that you say
and write, can be recorded, analyzed and automatically indexed, and added to
your personal chronicles. By the 2030s, it may be possible to capture your
nervous system's electrical activity, which would also preserve your thought
s and emotions. Researchers at the BT Laboratories of British Telecommunicat
ions PLC have dubbed this concept the Soul Catcher.
In a preview of what the near term holds, Carnegie Mellon University two yea
rs ago unveiled a system called Synthetic Interviews, with Albert Einstein a
s its first subject. To learn about the theory of relativity or the physicis
t's private life, you engage in what almost seems to be a live videoconferen
ce with an ersatz Einstein. The system quickly parses each question and sele
cts the best-match response from a bank of 500 video recordings. So it's eas
y to forget what's going on under the hood--speech recognition to digitize y
our words, natural-language processing to understand the question, and a rat
ing scheme similar to that used by Lycos Inc. to rank the results of Web sea
rches.
The hardware for early versions of virtual immortality exists now. You could
document your daily life using tiny video cameras embedded in eyeglass fram
es. They could be linked to IBM's latest hard disk--it's the size of a quart
er and could be housed in a pendant. It stores 300 megabytes of data, enough
to hold 30 days of your life. But by 2005, says David A. Thompson, a fellow
at IBM Almaden Research Center, a full year should easily fit on such Lilli
putian disks.
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