Flyingoverseas 版 (精华区)
发信人: Junning (沉思，狂奔), 信区: Flyingoverseas
标 题: toefl语法
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年10月17日15:06:19 星期三), 站内信件
一、代词
代词中主要讲解六个问题
(一) 掌握代词的几种格
主格、宾格、所有格
名词前面用代词来修饰，只能用所有格（my books）
(二) 反身代词
当主语和宾语表示同一事物时，宾语使用反身代词。
He killed himself. （他自杀了）
He killed him. （他杀了他）
例：Researchers at the University of Colorado are investigating
A B
a series of indicators that could help
C
themselves to predict earthquakes.
D
分析：D错，应改为them。如果用反身代词themselves,指代对象是从句主语that(即名词
indicators),这显然是错误的。从句意来看，help的宾语应该是主句主语researchers,
故应用代词宾格而不是反身代词。注意C并没有错，情态动词could 比can语气弱，表示
较小的可能性。
Indicator为征兆，这些征兆帮助他们来预言地震。主语是征兆，后面指研究者，不是同
一个事物
(三) 代词的单复数，代词的性别
在考试中如果代词打横线，代词错误的概率是非常高的，因此代词打横线，应该先看代
词有没有错。
例：The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American
Rockies
that divides the waters flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from it flowing
into the
A B C D
Pacific.
分析：D错，应改为those。D指代复数名词waters, it是单数，显然是错误的，根据习惯
故改为those。注意waters一词并没有错，它指江湖河海中的大片水域，可用复数形式。
Water作为水是不可数名词，waters表示水域，通常使用复数形式，作主语谓语动词用复
数。
Work作为工作是不可数名词，work作为作品，可数不可数都可以，例如：
Many of his works= much of his work, work都表示作品
例：In 1920 the presidential candidate Warren Harding coined
A
the word"normalcy"to express social and
B
economic conditions they promised the nation.
C D
分析：D错，应改为he。动作promised是由Warren Harding发出来的，故用第三人称单数
he来指代。
例：Many critics believe that Amy Lwell' s most important
A
work is not poetry, but his biography, John
B C
Keats, published the year of her death.
D
分析：C错，应改为her。his指男性，显然是错误的，应改为her与后面的her同指Amy L
owell.
(四) Who和which的区别
which指代事物或者动物，who指代人
who/whom son往往要改为whose son, whose可以指代事物
例：The human body contains more than six hundred muscles who
A B
account for approximately forty percent of the body weight.
C D
分析：B错，应改为which或that。先行词不是指人，而是指物，关系代词不能用who,故
改为which或that。
人体前面加定冠词the, account for 占有多大的比例，解释说明
(五) that和which的区别
介词后面使用which, 而不用that, in that除外
例：When television was first introduced, the extent to that it
A B
would affect society could not have been foreseen.
C D
分析：B错，应改为which。The extent to which, 介词加which(引导定语从句)，影响
社会的程度没有被预见
(六) 定语从句的特殊省略
Reason后面有定语从句，中间往往省略why,
Time后面有定语从句，中间往往省略when
I do remember the time I heard the sweetest voice in the wild world.
way后面有定语从句，中间省略了in which
例：Research on pain has been neglected, although the mainly
A B
reason people take medicine is to relieve pain.
C D
分析：B错，应改为main。mainly为副词，不能个饰后面的名词，故改为形容词main。句
子中people take medicine修饰reason，定语从句引导词被省略
例：Commercial expansion from city to suburb has
affected the way people in the United States----.
(A) living and working
(B) they live and work
(C) live and work
(D) to live and to work
分析：选择C, the way people....影响了人们生活和工作的方式。
二、介词
介词是考试中出现的比较多的一个部分，而其中考的最多的就是介词的固定搭配问题。
由于篇幅问题，我们在这里仅仅举出几个例题，在说明书手册中我们完整的列出了所有
的介词搭配，这些列出的搭配在以前的语法题中出现过，只不过有的时候是正确的选项
，有的时候重复考。
(一) 介词搭配
例：The teeth in the upper jaw function together those
A B C
in the lower jaw to cut, tear, and grind food.
D
分析：和呉黄穑Ω梦猼ogether with，C错
例：The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal.
A B C D
分析：B错改为be rich in
例：The rotation of the Earth on its axis is responsible to the
A B C
alternation of periods of light and darkness.
D
分析：C错，应改为responsible for。形容词responsible后接名词作宾语时要加介词f
or。
(二) 最重要的两个介词
1、介词of 多余或者遗漏
例：Mosquitoes usually lay eggs, singly or in batches, on top stagnant water
.
A B C D
分析：D错，应改为top of stagnant。on top of 吺且蚨ū泶锓ǎ馕霸凇厦妗薄
￡
例：Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has
A B
starred in stage, television, and film productions on
C
both sides the Atlantic Ocean.
D
分析：D错，应改为sides of the。 sides为名词，the Atlantic Ocean也是名词，中间
明显少了一个介词。
2、介词by
一种情况表示被动，be+过去分词+by
另一种表示通过厖的方式， by doing
例：The ceremony of marriage in the United States
A B
can be performed from a justice of the peace.
C D
分析：D错，应改为performed by。谓语动词是被动式，performed的动作执行者应该由
介词by来引导。
例：Along the east coast ,American Indian women's councils
A
could veto a declaration of war at refusing to
B C D
supply moccasins and field rations.
分析：D错，应改为by refusing。通过拒绝提供鞋子和粮食，表示通过某种方式做某事
要用介词by,故将at refusing 改为by refusing。
例：Algebra is the branch of mathematics concerned with
A
operations on sets of numbers or other elements
B C
that are often represented at symbols.
D
分析：D错，应改为by。动作的发出者应该用介词by来引导。
三、谓语动词
(一) 谓语动词的主谓一致
①、主谓分割原则
例1：To the citizens of the United States, the bald eagle,
A
America's national bird, symbolize strength and freedom.
B C D
分析：C错，应改为symbolizes。主语谓语用逗号分割开，主语the bald eagle为单数，
谓语动词也应该用单数形式。
②、与后者一致原则
not卋ut, 强调but后面的名词，
not only卋ut also
③、与前者一致原则
名词+with/together with/as well as/including+复数名词，谓语用is,
中心词在前面，谓语动词应该与前面的名词保持一致
例：The athlete, together with his coach and
A B C
several relatives, are traveling to the Olympic Games.
D
分析：D错，与谓语动词与the athlete 保持一致，改为is
④、就近原则
or, either卭r, neither卬or,
单数名词+or+复数名词+are
如果把句子变为一般疑问句，也就是把be动词提到前面，那么变为is
所以注意一点： 如果是陈述句，靠后面近，用复数
如果是疑问句，靠前面近，用单数
例：The structure or behavior of many protozoans are
A B
amazingly complex for single-celled animals.
C D
分析：A错，应改为and。从谓语动词是复数形式判断，主语应该为复数，or连接两个名
词时动词和后面的名词保持一致，behavior是用单数形式，因此只有改为并列连词and才
能使主谓在数上保持一致。
⑤定语从句主语就近原则
There are five apples that are red.
apples是复数，因此从句谓语动词是复数。
例：A rocket burns propellant rapidly and most rockets
A
carry a supply that last just a few seconds.
B C D
分析：D错，应改为lasts。从句的逻辑主语a supply为单数，其谓语动词应为单数形式
。
⑥the +形容词主谓一致
The rich are not always happier than the poor.
The rich 表示一类人，应该用复数
⑦、倒装句的主谓一致
改错题倒装句的主谓一致一般考两种情况：
a. there be 句型
there be+名词+名词，那么最近的名词决定其形式
b. between/ among 放在句首+be+名词，名词其实是主语，所以be和名词保持一致
例：There are no known society in which left-handed people predominate.
A B C D
分析：there be 句型由最近的名词决定其形式，society当然用单数，A错，there are
改为there is
例：Between the foothills of the Andes and the Pacific
A B
Ocean are a dry coastal strip averaging about 30
C
miles in width.
D
分析：倒装句，are改为is
例：Among the favorite attractions at the National Air and
A B C
Space Museum in Washington D.C. are the film
D
presented on the five-story-tall screen.
分析：D错，应改为films , 主语实际上是名词，应该与谓语动词保持一致。
⑧、百分比结构的主谓一致
fifty percent of + 名词
one percent of + 名词
谓语动词的形式和百分比多少没有关系，主要取决于后面的名词，比如：
one percent of my students + are
fifty percent of my time is spent on working.
这里要强调两个结构
half of =fifty percent
most of + 可数名词 + are
most of + 不可数名词+ is
例：Nearly half of the ancient meteor craters has been
A B C
found in central and eastern Canada.
D
分析：C错，应改为have been。介词of的宾语为复数名词短语，作主语的中心词half当
然表复数，相应的谓语动词应为复数形式。
例：Approximately fifty percent of the package utilized
A B
in the United States are for foods and beverages.
C D
分析：A错，应改为packages。从谓语动词用复数形式判断出主语是复数名词。注意foo
d用复数表示不同种类的食品，beverage用复数表示不同种类的饮料，故（C）、（D）均
没有错。
(二) 谓语动词的时态
①、主要考察时间状语
例 The metal aluminum has been first isolated early in the nineteenth centur
y.
A B C D
分析：Metal, aluminum同位语，in the nineteenth century为明显表示过去时间的状
语, 因此应该用过去时态，把has been改为was
②、For和since的区别
区别一：For 后面使用时间段，since 后面使用时间点
区别二：Since 只能用在现在完成时态，For 最主要用在现在完成时和一般过去时
I has been a teacher for three years.
I has been a teacher since 1996.
I was a teacher for three years. 这种表达可以，for three years表示一段时
间，was 表示过去做了三年，现在不是老师了
例： Since 1921 the budget of the United States became
A B
the primary responsibility of the president.
C D
分析：A错，应改 In. since一般要求主句用完成时态，而句中谓语动词为过去式，其时
间状语应与之呼应，故改Since为In。
例：Adella Prentiss Hrghes served as manager of
A B C
the Cleveland Orchestra since fifteen years.
D
分析：D错，应改为for。since引导时间状语时，主句谓语动词为一般完成时；主句谓语
动词为一般过去时要用介词for；而且一段时间用for, 而不是since。
52. In general, prawns lived in shallow coastal waters or in streams.
A B C D
自然现象和客观事实用一般现在时态，live
(三) 谓语的语态
语态主要表示是主动语态还是被动语态。
有四组动词是改错题中常考的：
①、prove
My advice proved to be wrong. 我的建议被证明是错的
尽管是被证明，但习惯上用主动；
例：A majority of the reports received from people claiming
A
to have seen the legendary Loch Ness Monster have proven to be
B C
mistakes, misconceptions, or they were being tricked.
D
分析：D错，应改为tricks。并列连词 or在此连接名词，如果把D理解为并列句，不仅时
态不对，语义也有问题，故将整个句子改为名词。have proven to be是正确的。
②、Locate，Situate
这两个词可以用作主动，表示把叿胖迷趨地方；确定叺奈恢?
Bats locate obstacles.蝙蝠确定障碍物的位置
这两个词也可以用作被动
My school was located near the river.
区分locate的主动和被动比较难，但是有一个技巧存在：locate如果用作主动，后面必
须跟宾语
例：The center of gravity of the human body ---- behind the hip joint.
(A)locates
(B)locating
(C)to locate
(D)is located
分析：空格处显然缺谓语动词，故首先排除不能作谓语的B和C。动词locate后面没有宾
语，所以用作被动,表示"位于"，所以D为正确选项。
③、表示需要概念的动词
need, want, require等
My watch needed repairing
My watch needed to be repaired.
④、表示人的情感的动词
move, annoy, surprise, please等
He is so moving. 他令人感到感动。
He is greatly moved. 他感到非常感动。
主动和被动技巧总结：
如果句子中有一个"过去分词+by", 如果断定它是谓语的话，前面必然有be动词
例：The Tennessee Valley Authority has chartered by the
A
United States Congress in 1933 to construct dams,
B
power structures, and flood-control works along
C
the Tennessee River and its tributary streams.
D
分析：A错，应改为has been chartered。由信号词by可知前面的谓语动词为被动语态形
式。
四、非谓语动词
(一) 分词
现在分词和过去分词的区别
①、用于句首作状语，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动
例：Won its war for independence in 1783, the United States then
A
struggled to establish its own economic and financial system.
B C D
分析：分词作状语，主要看是主动还是被动，美国赢得应该是主动,所以A错，改won为w
inning
②、用于名词后面作后置定语，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动
例：In the nineteenth century the Mohave Indians lived in
A B
the Northern Hemisphere grew their crops on river bottom lands.
C D
分析：B错，生活在什么地方的人，人生活是主动，因此改为living
一些动词后面必须用doing
对于加doing的词来说，考试中一般出现一个，下面这些词都是要加doing的，请考生牢
记。
mind, finish, enjoy, celebrate,
advocate, suggest
delay, quit
forgive(原谅)，tolerate，
avoid, escape(逃避)
spend+名词+doing;
have trouble/difficult/a problem/ +doing
例：Long before the dawn of recorded history, humans celebrated to harvest t
heir
A B C D
crops.
分析：D错，应改为harvesting。及物动词celebrate直接带名词、名词短语或动名词短
语作宾语，故将to harvest改为harvesting。
例：Some experts have advocated to bring that country into the talks,
A B
to revive the intermittent dialogue that began after the 1967 Middle Eas
t War.
C D
分析：A错，advocate 后面直接跟doing, 改为advocate bringing
(二) 不定式
A. 动词不定式的省略
①、help后面可以省略to
help to do
help sb. to do
例：A good exercise program helps teach people to avoid
A B
the habits that might shorten the lives.
C D
分析：D错，应改为their. 定冠词在句中不如代词所有格明确，如果lives后面有定语就
可以用the。注意（A）并没有错，help后面可以接不带to的不定式。
②、使役动词后面要省略to, 这样的动词只有三个
make,
let,
have sb. do sth
注意get不是使役动词，get sb. to do sth.
例：A conductor used signals and gestures to let the musicians
A B
to know when to play various parts of a composition.
C D
分析：let是使役动词，后面不需要to, C改为know
③、感官动词
hear, feel, watch, see, notice, observe
see sb do sth. 强调过程
see sb doing sth 正在做某事
B. 动词不定式的固定用法
(1)表示第一人
the first woman to do sth.
(2)表示迫使的动词
一般考三个， allow/ enable/ call, +sb. + to do
例：Besides providing clues to the nature of atoms, mineral analysis
A B
allows to speculate geologists about the ancient Earth.
C D
分析：allow...to do是固定短语,allow的宾语应在不定式之前,即把C改为: allow geo
logists to speculate。
(3)表示倾向叺男稳荽ê
be more likely to do 更有可能作某事
be inclined to do倾向于做某事
be lieable to do 易于叺?
be apt to do
(4)表示目的的名词，
一共有7个这样的词，这一条也是最重要的。
固定的句式：
the purpose , the purpose of sth is to do sth.
the objective 目标
aim
goal
reason理由
function功能
intension意图
例：The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was providing
A
large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interi
or.
B C D
分析：the function to provide, A错
例：The chief goal of biochemistry is for understanding the structure
A
and behavior of the carbon-containing compounds
B
that make up various components of a living cell.
C D
分析：the chief goal is to understand, A错
(5) 其他同根名词
ability to do 受到be able to 的影响
attempt to do 企图
decision to do 决定, 受decide的影响
ambition,
be ambitious to do
effort
例：For ancient people, myths were often attempts explanation
A B
catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions.
C D
分析：B错，应改为to explain。 attempts后应跟动词不定式短语表目的，故将名词ex
planation改为to explain。
例：In the early 1960's the Civil Rights movement made great
A B
efforts for registering members of minorities to vote.
C D
分析：efforts to register, C错
C. 动词不定式的其他用法
(1) be to do 表示已安排好或者注定要发生的动作，属于将来时态的范畴
She and Anne are to meet at two o'clock.
(2)不定式的完成式为"to have done"，表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生，这个完
成式通常表示一般过去时
I am glad to see you.
I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.
yesterday是一般过去时，修饰have seen.
(3) 形容词后面使用动词不定式，主动表示被动
It is difficult to decide.
五、句子的结构
句子的结构主要考查四个出题方向。
(一) 主语的重复
名词+代词+谓语，这个代词永远是重复的主语，永远是错的
例：Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any
A B
compromises concerning the establishment of the
C D
League of Nations.
分析：代词he不是同位语，主语重复；如果是下面这样的主语，那么便是主语同位语
A prolific writer, Woodrow Wilson
例：Two unique features of the Arctic they are
A B
lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground.
C D
分析：选项B中的they和前面的主语two unique features重复
(二)谓语的重复
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语，往往改为定语从句
例：A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of
A B
one or more sentences related to the same idea.
C D
分析：B错，应改为consisting of或which consists of。句中有两个无法连接的谓语动
词，而且前一个谓语动词下面没有划线，故改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加
which使之成为从句谓语动词。
(三)谓语的缺少
例：Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body
A B
temperature, regardless of what the air temperature might be.
C D
分析：A错，应改为maintain。句中缺谓语动词，故去掉不定式符号to 使maintain变成
谓语动词。
(四)主句的重复
主句的重复总是考even, instead, during, despite等引导的句子, 但是实际上它们无
法把两个句子连接起来，因为它们都是副词或者介词，连接两个句子应该用连接词连接
例：Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water, despite
A B C
they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die.
D
分析：C错，应改为though。despite是介词，后面一般接名词作宾语，而在句中它后面
却跟着一个完整的句子，所以改为连词though。
例：Solar eclipses occur during the Moon's shadow
A B
sweeps across the face of the Earth.
C D
分析：B错，应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句，根据题意改为从属连词whe
n或as。
例：Even many early leaders of the United States have provided
A B
names for towns, only George Washington
C
is remembered in the name of a state.
D
分析：A错，应改为Even though。even为副词，不能引导从句，根据题意，改为引导让
步状语从句的Even though。
六、比较级和最高级
比较级和最高级的出题非常有规则，一共有5个出题方向，并且每次考试必然考两个
(一) 比较级或最高级形式上的重复
例：The most easiest process for mining gold is panning, which
A
involves using a circular dish with a small pocket at the bottom.
B C D
分析：A错，应改为easiest。easiest本身已是最高级，不必再用most，这是最高级形式
上的重复
(二)比较级和最高级之间的混用
例：The greenest and plentifulest leaves are the leaves of grasses.
A B C D
分析：B错，应改为most plentiful。 plentiful是多音节形容词，须在前面加most构成
最高级。
例：The more fearsome of all the animals in the Western Hemisphere
A B C D
is the grizzly bear.
分析：A错，应该用最高级most，含有介词of, among, in 表示的范围状语使用最高级。
(三)比较词than的前面一定要有比较级
改错题中，通常会看见than前面有一个原级
例：Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with
A B
concepts of time and space than stage directors can.
C D
分析：B错，应改为greater。根据后面有than一词可以判定前面的形容词用比较级形式
，注意far, much 修饰比较级。
(四)在as卆s以及否定not so卆s, not as卆s的中间使用形容词原级
as sweeter as, 这是不对的，应改为as sweet as
(五)the 和比较级最高级的关系
①、比较级前面可以出现the, 修饰后面的名词
the taller boy
②、副词的最高级加不加the均可以
例：Although flies live longest in cool temperatures, it breed
A B
prolifically when temperatures are warm, food is
abundant, and humidity is moderate.
C D
分析：副词的最高级加不加the均可， 所以A正确，从从句的主语可以看出，B应该改为
they
③、形容词的最高级作定语前面必须使用the, 如果不作定语的话，加不加the均可以
例：Of all the Native Americans in the United States,
A B C
the Navajos form largest group.
D
分析：D错，应改为form the largest。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词。
陷阱1， earliest, 有两种可能，
一种可能是early的最高级，最早的语言，the earliest language
另一种可能作名词，表示早期，必须和时间的名词连用，earliest time, ear
liest ages, 表示很早的年代，很早的时代，也就是说，如果以后碰上earliest后面加
上times, ages, 前面不用加the
例：The belief in fairies have existed from earliest times, and the literatu
re of many
A B C
countries includes tales of fairies and their relationship to humans.
D
分析：A错，应改为has existed。主语是单数名词the belief,而不是复数名词fairies
,故谓语动词是单数形式。earliest times表示表示很早的时代是正确的。
陷阱2，如果最高级前面有所有格的话，不用加the
例如：my best friends
例：Salt Lake City, Utah's capital and largest city, is industrial
A B C
and banking center.
D
分析：C错，应改为is an industrial center。center为可数名词，它的修饰词前面应
有不定冠词。
Utah's largest city, 题目中其实是省略了Utah's。
例：Faults in the Earth's crust are most evidently in sedimentary
A
formations, where they interrupt previously continuous layers.
B C D
分析：A错，are的表语必须用evident, 为什么不加the, 因为作表语，而不是定语
七、平行结构
改错题考的最多的一个方向便是平行结构
(一) 对等连接词
一共有三类连接平行结构的词
单一式： and, or ,but
相关式： both卆nd, not but,
either 卭r, neither卬or
the same卆s；as卆s, not so卆s, not as卆s
such 卆s, so 卼hat.. too卼o, from卼o, from卽ntil, between卆nd,
not only卋ut also(also可以省略)，Not only +主谓，also
not only卋ut also(also可以省略)+as well,
短语式： as well as
rather than (而不是)
other than (除呏 )
instead of (代替)
考试的方式往往是搭配中有一个单词是对的，另一个单词却不对
例：John lived in New York since 1960 to 1975,
A B
but he is now living in Detroit.
C D
分析：B错，应改为from。"从某年到某年"要用"from卼o叀闭飧霰泶锓ǎ荒苡胹ince
卼o叀￡
例：Even as he wrote copiously on so diverse topics
A B
as education ,politics ,and religion ,Lewis Mumford
remained active in city and regional planning.
C D
分析：B错, 改为such diverse topics as, 出现as, 往往要注意前面一半
(二)平行的内容
第一、引导词性的平行，词性的平行本质上是语法作用的平行
例：Photoperiodism is the functional or behavioral response of
A B
an organism to changes in duration of daily, seasonally,
C D
or yearly periods of light and darkness.
分析：D错，应改为seasonal。在daily, seasonally和yearly三个并列的词中，daily和
yearly是形容词，seasonally是副词，故改为形容词seasonal,共同修饰名词periods，
三个形容词的平行，词性平行
第二、名词单复数的平行
但是如果既有可数名词，又有不可数名词，可以不平行
例：The main advertising media include direct mail,
A B C
radio, television, magazines, and newspaper.
D
分析：D错，应改为newspapers。newspaper为可数名词，在没有任何前置修饰语的情况
下一般用复数形式，并且和前面的magazine平行,而mail, radio, television则是不可
数名词。
例：The Canadian province of Newfoundland has a rocky coast, a moisture clim
ate,
A B
and probably the best cod-fishing areas in the world.
C D
分析：海岸气候只有一个，但是钓鱼的地方可以有许多个，所以也是不可数名词和名词
复数的平行；因此D没有错，A错改为have
第三、时态的平行
例：The poet Marianne Moore was initially associated
A
with the imagist movement , but later develops
B
her own thyme patterns and verse forms.
C D
分析：B错，应改为developed。句中前半部分谓语为过去时，与之并列的谓语也应用过
去时。
例：Because the papaya grows readily from seed , -----
spread from its home in Central America and
now grows throughout the tropics.
(A) to be (B) it
(C) the (D) its
分析：正确答案为（B）。空格前是原因状语从句，后面紧接着是谓语动词，空格处明显
缺主句主语。四个选项中只有B能单独作主语。注意spread是过去式，没有数的变化，因
为这一动作明显发生在过去时间。spread 和grows为什么时态可以不平行呢？
原来它在Central America 的家乡传播，现在在整个地方传播，now只修饰后面的grow
例：Ducks have been domesticated for many centuries ----
commercially for their meat and eggs.
(A) raised (B) and are raised
(C) raised as (D) are raised
分析：正确答案为B。空格前是一个完整的句子，根据一个空格处如再出现谓语动词一定
要有连词这一原则，B为惟一符合条件的选项。故选（B）。
第四、排列位置的平行
例：---the surface of metal, but also weakens it.
(A) Not only does rust corrode
(B) Not only rust corrodes
(C) Rust, which not only corrodes
(D) Rust not only corrodes
分析：正确答案为D。从but also放在动词前可知，not only也须置于动词前，故选D。
A、B中的Not only位置放错了，C使句子缺主句，故排除。
对于not only, but also的用法有以下几种：
1、主语+not only +谓语，but also+谓语，正确；例如上面例题中的第四个选项。
2、Not only +主谓，but also+主谓，正确
3、Not only +主语+谓语，but also+谓语，错误
八、词序的颠倒
词序的颠倒一般只考一道，90%的情况集中于下面三个出题方向
(一) 先说形容词，再说名词
例：The Medal of Honor is the highest award military for courage
A B
that can be given to any individual in the United States.
C D
分析：B错，军事的荣誉是military award而不是award military，单个形容词修饰名词
时一般放在被修饰词的前面。
(二) 副词+形容词+名词
例：Certain types of computers work properly only
A B
in environments with controlled precisely temperatures.
C D
分析：D错，应改为precisely controlled，精确的被控制的温度。controlled为过去分
词用作形容词，修饰它的副词应放在其前面，它自己则要紧挨着被修饰的名词。
(三)主语系动词, 系动词 + 表语
例：During the 1600's skilled shoemakers scarce wer
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