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标 题: 文书写作教程[五]:开头和结尾
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Tue Nov 5 13:37:29 2002) , 转信
文书写作教程[五]:开头和结尾
Lesson Five: Introductions and Conclusions
Surprised to see introductions as the topic of our second-to-last lesson?
Most writers find that it is nearly impossible to write a good essay by
beginning with the introduction. The best leads often develop during and
after writers have written the remainder of the essay.
Maybe a fantastic introduction or conclusion is caught floating around in
the middle of your rough draft. Maybe you find that your essay does not
even need an introduction or conclusion (see sidebar). More likely,
however, it is in these later stages that you have a good sense of the way
your essay is shaping up, all the way to the nitty-gritty details. Since
beginnings and endings can be the most challenging and important part of
any piece of writing, you will want to take advantage of a completed rough
draft.
Part of the reason why introductions and conclusions are so difficult is
that writers tend to worry about them too much. Writing teachers give so
much attention to the need for a thorough introduction and a sharply drawn
conclusion that anxious essayists compensate by going overboard. They feel
that in order to appear mature and worldly, their essays must contain
profound insights and sweeping observations.
While your introduction and conclusion need not provide the answers to
every worldly problem, they do need to be engaging. Admissions officers may
spend just a few minutes reading your essay. Your introduction must grab
their interest from the beginning and your conclusion must make a lasting
impression.
1. Introductions
The emphasis on leading sentences in the previous essays should have
demonstrated the importance of introducing the theme of each paragraph and
reinforcing the structure of the essay. The most important leading sentence
of all, of course, is the first sentence of your essay. The words and
images you use must do more than simply announce the theme or topic of your
essay-they must engage the reader. You do not want an admissions officer to
start reading your essay and think, "Here we go again." If, after the first
sentence, the admissions counselor does not like what she sees, she may not
continue reading.
You do not have to begin by writing the lead. Often, you will spot the lead
floating around in the middle of your first draft. You can use many
different kinds of effective leads. You will find examples of some of them
listed below. Remember, too, that if you have segmented your essay into
distinct parts with different titles, you need to treat every segment as a
separate essay and find an effective lead for each.
Standard Lead
Standard leads are the most common leads used. A typical standard lead
answers one or more of the six basic questions: who, what, when, where, why
and how. They give the reader an idea of what to expect. A summary lead is
a kind of standard lead that answers most of these questions in one
sentence. The problem with this kind of lead is that, although it is a
logical beginning, it can be dull. The advantage is that it sets your
reader up for a focused and well-structured essay. If your essay lives up
to that expectation, the impact of your points is heightened. They are also
useful for shorter essays when you need to get to the point quickly. The
following is an example of a standard lead.
My background as an engineer and a Hispanic affords me a unique point of
reference from which a constructive engagement in the intellectual,
political, and social spheres at [school] will be enhanced.
Action Lead
This lead takes the reader into the middle of a piece of action. It is
perfect for short essays where space needs to be conserved or for narrative
essays that begin with a story.
When I began volunteering at the American Civil Liberties Union of
Michigan, I was a doctoral candidate in English literature, a budding
scholar of the early novel.
At the age of eighteen, I never expected to receive so much attention.
Personal or Revealing Lead
This lead reveals something about the writer. It is always written in the
first person and usually takes an informal, conversational tone:
I am an activist with a commitment to fighting for progressive causes
through legislation, policy, and grassroots organizing.
Creative Lead
These leads, when executed well, are more interesting by being obtuse or
funny. They can leave you wondering what the essay will be about, or make
you smile:
June 1987.
Quotation Lead
This type of lead can be a direct quotation or a paraphrase. It is most
effective when the quote you choose is unusual, funny, or obscure, and not
too long. Choose a quote with a meaning you plan to reveal to the reader as
the essay progresses. Some admissions officers caution against using this
kind of lead because it can seem that you are trying to impress them. Do
not use a proverb or cliché without good reason, and do not interpret the
quote in your essay. The admissions committee is more interested in how you
respond to it and what that response says about you:
How many a man has dated a new era in his life from the reading of a book. -
Thoreau
Dialogue Lead
This lead takes the reader into a conversation. It can take the form of an
actual dialogue between two people or can simply be a snippet of personal
thought:
"That's not fair."
Fact Lead
This lead gives the reader a fact or a statistic that is connected to the
topic of the essay or simply provides a piece of information about the
writer or a situation:
In December of 1988, Texas state District Court Judge Jack Hampton
sentenced a man convicted of double homicide to a term of thirty years.
2. Conclusions
The conclusion is your last chance to persuade the reader or impress upon
them your qualifications. Endings are the last experience an admissions
officer has with your essay, so you need to make those words and thoughts
count. You should not feel obligated to tie everything up into a neat bow.
The essay can conclude with some ambiguity, if appropriate, as long as it
offers insights. The aim is for the admissions officer to leave your essay
thinking, “That was a satisfying read.” Here are some Do’s and Don’ts
as you develop your conclusion.
DOs
· Expand upon the broader implications of your discussion. This
could include the following strategies:
o Consider linking your conclusion to your introduction to
establish a sense of balance by reiterating introductory phrases.
o Redefine a term used previously in your body paragraphs.
o End with a famous quote that is relevant to your argument. Do not
TRY to do this, as this approach is overdone. This should come naturally.
o Frame your discussion within a larger context or show that your
topic has widespread appeal.
· Tie the conclusion back to your introduction. A nice conclusion
makes use of the creativity you used in your introduction. If you used an
anecdote in your intro, use the conclusion to finish telling that story.
· Try to end on a positive note. You may want to restate your goals
in terms of how they will be fulfilled at the institution to which you are
applying.
DON'Ts
· Summarize. Since the essay is rather short to begin with, the
reader should not need to be reminded of what you wrote 300 words
beforehand. You do not need to wrap up your essay in a nice little package.
It should be an ending, not a summary.
· Use stock phrases. Phrases such as, “in conclusion,” “in
summary,” “to conclude,” belong only in dry, scientific writing. Don’t
use them.
· Try to Explain the Unexplainable. Your essay need not be so tidy
that you can answer why people die or why starvation exists -- you are not
writing a sitcom -- but it should forge some attempt at closure.
--
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