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标 题: 文书写作教程[三]:把握文章的结构
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Tue Nov 5 13:36:17 2002) , 转信
文书写作教程[三]:把握文章的结构
Lesson Three: Essay Structures
There are a number of different types of structures your essay can take.
The most common structures are discussed in this section. Please select a
link below or to the left for examples and strategies of various essay
structures.
1. Standard Structure
The standard structure is the most common and is recommended for use in
almost any circumstance. The general application of the standard structure
is to introduce your themes and main points in the introduction, use the
body of the text to supply a single supporting point per paragraph, and
then reiterate your main points or draw a new conclusion in the last. The
following is an example of a standard structure used by this applicant* who
writes of her experience as a political activist:
Paragraph 1 (Introduction)
Leading Sentence: "I am an activist with a commitment to fighting for
progressive causes through legislation, policy, and grassroots organizing."
Introduces Theme: She has been active in many political projects, but her
main focus has been as an advocate for sexuality education and health care.
States Intent: "In this statement I will explain how I gained expertise in
this field through both academic and professional work from 1988 to the
present."
Paragraph 2
Transition/Topic Sentence: "At [Ivy League University] I began my
commitment to reproductive health."
Point and Evidence: She was committed to reproductive health issues
academically, as evidenced by her major in women's studies and legal
issues, her study on the impact of the abortion pill on the National Health
Service, and her thesis on the legal treatment of pregnant substance
abusers.
Paragraph 3
Transition/Topic Sentence: "While I was a student, I gained professional
experience as a birth control counselor at the University health clinic."
Point and Evidence: She was committed to reproductive health issues in her
extracurricular activities as well, both as a counselor and as a Planned
Parenthood educator.
Paragraph 4
Transition/Topic Sentence: "When I moved to a small desert town in the
Western United States, I volunteered for a democratic congressional
campaign, where I briefed the candidate on abortion rights and sexuality
issues in health care reform."
Point and Evidence: Her first job experience involved health care activism,
as the Director of Public Affairs at Planned Parenthood.
Paragraph 5
Transition/Topic Sentence: "I quickly learned that this small town was far
more conservative than my university's eastern college community."
Point and Evidence: She dealt with opposition to her efforts by publishing
articles and op-ed pieces based on her research of local right wing
activists.
Paragraph 6
Transition/Topic Sentence: "When my State Senator asked me to manage his
reelection campaign, I eagerly accepted since I knew he had worked hard in
support of health care and civil rights."
Point and Evidence: She learned valuable lessons by creating effective
political messages, managing volunteers, and so on.
Paragraph 7
Transition/Topic Sentence: "I had hoped to work in the state capitol after
the campaign, and I am now working for a state level health care advocacy
organization which employs a lobbyist and coordinates grassroots strategy."
Point and Evidence: She continues her dedication to health care and
politics in her current position by researching legislation, helping the
director, etc.
Paragraph 8 (Conclusion)
Transition/Topic Sentence: "While I believe that I have developed both
academic and professional expertise in reproductive health policy, health
care reform, and political organizing, I would like to acquire the skills
and power to make a bigger difference."
Concluding Summary: The writer reiterates the main points and gives a tie-
in with her motivation to attend law school and her goals after graduation.
* Sample Essay: Activist
Note: This essay appears unedited for instructional purposes. Essays edited
by 51Edit.com are substantially improved.
I am an activist with a commitment to fighting for progressive causes
through legislation, policy, and grassroots organizing. While I have
participated in many varied projects from editing a sexuality education
curriculum to campaigning for gay rights as a local boardmember of [the
statewide gay rights organization], I am most concerned with reproductive
health issues. In this statement I will explain how I gained expertise in
this field through both academic and professional work from 1988 to the
present. Through this work I have acquired the intellectual foundation and
the concrete experience to be an effective advocate for citizens' right to
sexuality education and health care.
At [school] I began my commitment to reproductive health. I earned the
right to design my own major in women's studies and legal issues, for which
I took courses in feminism and wrote on the developing legal precedent
recognizing fetal rights. During my year at [school] I studied the impact
the abortion pill RU 486 might have on the National Health Service,
researched the evolving debate about the drug in the European press, and
presented my findings at a Women's Studies Department seminar upon my
return to the U.S. In my senior thesis on the legal treatment of pregnant
substance abusers, I addressed the difficulties associated with prosecuting
these women and proposed alternative approaches.
While I was a student, I gained professional experience as a birth control
counselor at the University health clinic. I also worked as a Planned
Parenthood educator, for which I edited a sexuality education curriculum
and designed and taught community programs on contraception, AIDS, puberty,
and sexual abuse prevention.
When I moved to a small desert town in the Western United States, I
volunteered for a democratic congressional campaign, where I briefed the
candidate on abortion rights and sexuality issues in health care reform. I
met the executive director of the regional Planned Parenthood, and
convinced her to hire me as the agency's first Director of Public Affairs.
I coordinated grassroots lobbying efforts on pending legislation including
the state's health care reform bill, clinic access bill, and anti-gay
rights legislation.
I quickly learned that this small town was far more conservative than my
university's eastern college community. Many of Planned Parenthood's
efforts to promote sexuality education were thwarted. I decided to discover
who opposed the agency and what their tactics were. My research uncovered a
network of local activists, some of whom had connections to state and
nation-wide Conservative organizations. I attended many meetings and
followed public right-wing activity such as the campaign to teach
creationism in our local schools. I published my findings in an op-ed piece
for our local paper, and as a front page article for a west-coast human
rights newsletter. I have enclosed copies of these publications for you.
When my State Senator asked me to manage his reelection campaign, I eagerly
accepted since I knew he had worked hard in support of health care and
civil rights. The position also offered me greater professional
responsibility. Even though we lost the election, the campaign was an
invaluable lesson in creating an effective political message, managing
hundreds of volunteers, working in coalition with other campaigns,
designing advertising, and fundraising.
I had hoped to work in the state capitol after the campaign, and I am now
working for a state level health care advocacy organization which employs a
lobbyist and coordinates grassroots strategy. In my new position I am
researching legislation, helping the director design lobbying strategies,
and keeping affiliated organizations throughout the state informed about
evolving policy and bills.
While I believe that I have developed both academic and professional
expertise in reproductive health policy, health care reform, and political
organizing, I would like to acquire the skills and power to make a bigger
difference. Law school would provide me with the technical skills and
professional influence to be more effective in confronting right-wing
litigation and initiatives and in designing and advocating for progressive
social policy. After law school, I envision working for a non-profit
organization such as the ACLU Reproductive Freedom Project, or working in
government drafting and analyzing reproductive health policy and
legislation.
2. Issue Analysis
Not everyone chooses the traditional standard structure for a personal
statement. Some writers choose to focus their essays on the analysis of an
issue or argument as the writer of this essay** did. She writes about the
effects of development in Latin America, or more specifically, on women
factory workers. Notice how her structure highlights the most crucial
aspects of what she must accomplish: 1) she makes the issue personal, 2)
she states her argument clearly using specific evidence to back it up, 3)
she discusses both sides of the issue, 4) she shows how she has been active
in promoting the issue in the real world, and, most importantly, 5) she
relates her analysis of the issue to her motivation to attend law school.
Paragraph 1 (Introduction)
Leading sentence: "After college I served for two and a half years in
Honduras with the U.S. Peace Corps."
Introduces theme: She introduces the theme of development in Latin America
and makes it personal by relating it to her experience in Honduras.
States focus: "I found potential for changing some of the larger problems
of development in a surprising arena, maquilardoras, or textile factories."
Paragraph 2
Transition/Topic Sentence: "While in Honduras I talked to many women who
worked in maquilardoras."
Point and Evidence: She introduces her point of view that the factories are
not as negative as is portrayed in academic teaching. She supports this
with evidence taken from her first-hand experience in Honduras.
Paragraph 3
Transition/Topic Sentence: "The factory jobs had other positive side
effects."
Point and Evidence: She provides more solid evidence for her argument by
citing the workers' higher salaries and better education.
Paragraph 4
Transition/Topic Sentence: "How to balance these positive factors with the
often exploitative and abusive methods of the factory managers, or how to
control the problems of rural-urban migration are questions I am still
investigating."
Point and Evidence: She steps back to examine other sides of the argument,
but ends by restating her position.
Paragraph 5
Transition/Topic Sentence: "With the new U.S. policy focus on trade with
Latin America and with more and more businesses using labor abroad, labor
conditions in maquiladoras will be a growing human rights issue."
Point and Evidence: She addresses the relevance of the issue to the future,
and gives evidence of actions she has taken to promote national discussion
and exposure of the issue.
Paragraph 6 (Conclusion)
Transition/Topic Sentence: "A law degree would give me a tool to continue
to work effectively and realistically on this and other issues that
contribute to the well-being of people affected by U.S. policies and
investments in Latin America."
Point: She relates her involvement and discussion of this issue to her
motivation to attend law school.
* Sample Essay: Activist
Note: This essay appears unedited for instructional purposes. Essays edited
by 51Edit.com are substantially improved.
After college I served for two and a half years in Honduras with the U.S.
Peace Corps. During my time there I worked on several development projects.
My experiences left me with mixed feelings about development and what is
realistically achievable. Projects often proved only thin band-aids against
larger endemic problems. I found potential for changing some of the larger
problems of development in a surprising arena, maquiladoras, or textile
factories.
While in Honduras, I talked to many women who worked in maquiladoras.
Unlike what I had read in classes, these women were happy to have their
jobs and suffered no health problems or abuse. They earned more money
working in the factories in the cities than picking coffee in the
mountains. Women could leave their homes and find work without having to
depend on husbands or families to survive.
The factory jobs had other positive side effects. I saw wealthy families
driving to the countryside to find maids because all the city maids quit to
work in the factories where they earned more. Wages for domestic workers
had already risen and these families were trying to avoid paying an even
higher salary. Also, factories required a sixth grade degree. This, if
nothing else, could motivate an illiterate farmer to keep his daughters in
school.
How to balance these positive factors with the often exploitative and
abusive methods of the factory managers, or how to control the problems of
rural-urban migration are questions I am still investigating. However,
economic opportunities outside of the home, such as those in maquiladoras,
could play a key role in changing traditional attitudes that prevent women
from developing and using their full potential.
With the new U.S. policy focus on trade with Latin America and with more
and more businesses using labor abroad, labor conditions in maquiladoras
will be a growing human rights issue. At the Washington Office on Latin
America (WOLA), I have been able to write letters to the USTR pushing for
the continued review of the Generalized System of Preferences in Guatemala,
to the President of El Salvador to encourage the enforcement of their labor
codes, and lobbied for a labor petitioning amendment to the Caribbean Basin
Trade Security Act.
A law degree would give me a tool to continue to work effectively and
realistically on this and other issues that contribute to the well-being of
people affected by U.S. policies and investments in Latin America.
--
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