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发信人: magic (独行狂人), 信区: Flyingoverseas
标 题: How to be a good TA(8)
发信站: 紫 丁 香 (Sat Jan 9 10:00:24 1999), 转信
7 Elements of grading and evaluation
7.1 Styles and strategies
Grading is an activity about which different teachers have different
ideas. What follows are two points of view. Some teachers do not
believe in grading at all-that it is unnecessary or even detrimental to
learning. In this view, grading establishes or reinforces inappropriate
hierarchies. A good grade merely reflects conformity to acceptable
styles and standards of work, which are the styles and standards of
the educational elite, and nonconformity gets punished. Grades
become vehicles for entrance into further educational and vocational
institutions and reflect not the abilities of students but the reputations
of their schools. In some educational institutions, grading has been
eliminated or replaced by other forms of evaluation. It may be
difficult for TAs at Yale to exempt themselves from the grading
process altogether. However, it is possible to downplay the
importance of grades by giving students oral or written evaluations
that stress their progress over the semester, the relative strengths
and weaknesses of their work, and so on.
Other teachers view grading as a necessary and useful way to give
students feedback on their work and as a way to convey a sense,
however contingent, of standards of quality. They feel that beyond
written comments, numerical or letter grades are a useful vehicle for
identifying students' success or failure in meeting the educational
objectives of their courses. Even these teachers, however, may
disagree about the object of comparison against which to grade.
Should one compare students to each other, to criteria one has set,
to each student's own previous performance, to one's own
expectations of each individual student? Such questions raise further
questions about whether or not to adjust grades to a curve, whether
or not to establish quotas, and whether or not to explicitly use
grades as an incentive to improvement. Answers to these sorts of
questions may depend on how comfortable you are with grading as
a subjective process or, alternatively, on how objective you think it
is or should be. You may initially feel intimidated by the fact that
grading is always at least somewhat subjective. Both you and you
students may feel more comfortable with the process if, as a result,
you strive for consistency and communicate your expectations to, medical
school, graduate school, the Peace Corps, or other programs and
fellowships for which students wish to be considered-your letter, so
long as it is honest, is unlikely to make or break anyone. Students
who have demonstrated a range of abilities in class may ask for
letters. Do not feel that you cannot recommend students simply
because they were not your best. It is almost always possible to find
positive things to say about students. Whether you write letters for
your best students or your middling ones, letters should be written
with great care and thought.
Make sure students understand that you will write an honest
letter. Students should have a sense of how well they
performed in the class and how this affects your
recommendation. If for some reason you do not feel you can
honestly recommend a student, you should feel under no
obligation to do so. On the contrary, suggest that the student
find another recommender. Delicacy and tact are in this case
essential. You may or may not want to disclose to the student
your reasons for preferring not to write the letter.
Ask questions. Find out when the student needs the letter and
where you should send it. Also be sure to ask kinds of
programs the student is applying to, or whether you should
write a more general letter (e.g., for a job file).
Emphasize the positive characteristics of the student, whether
personal or professional. Relate the relevance of the student's
talents and abilities to the field she is entering.
Pay close attention to the words you use. Avoid any language
that may reflect pre-judgment on your part.
Include factual information about the class. Be specific about
the nature of your duties, the grade the student received from
you, and the basis on which you assigned the grade.
Provide general information such as how long you have
known the student and in what capacity, her strengths and
weaknesses as a student in your field, etc.
Be specific. The more specific you can make your comments
in a letter of recommendation, the better. You might briefly
summarize a particular piece of work that you remember as
outstanding or especially representative of the student and
explain why it was so.
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