Flyingoverseas 版 (精华区)
发信人: kingzhc (飞翔的梦), 信区: Flyingoverseas
标 题: 2001生物学subject考试大纲
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年10月02日13:38:17 星期二), 站内信件
I. Cellular and Molecular Biology 33-34%
Fundamentals of cellular biology, genetics, and
molecular biology are addressed. Major topics in
cellular structure and function include metabolic
pathways and their regulation, membrane dynamics,
cell surfaces, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle.
Major areas in genetics and molecular biology include
chromatin and chromosomal structure, genomic
organization and maintenance, and the regulation of
gene expression. The cellular basis of immunity, the
mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions, and
cell-pathogen interactions are included. Distinctions
between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are consid-ered
where appropriate. Attention is also given to
experimental methodology.
A. Cellular Structure and Function 16-17%
1. Biological compounds
Macromolecular structure and bonding
Abiotic origin of biological molecules
2. Enzyme activity, receptor binding, and regulation
3. Major metabolic pathways and regulation
Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis
Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules
Hormonal control and intracellular messengers
4. Membrane dynamics and cell surfaces
Transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis
Electrical potentials and neurotransmitters
Mechanisms of cell recognition, cell junctions,
and plasmodesmata
Cell wall and extracellular matrix
5. Organelles: structure, function, and targeting
6. Cytoskeleton, motility, and shape
Actin-based systems
Microtubule-based systems
Intermediate filaments
Bacterial flagella and movement
7. Cell cycle, growth, division, and regulation
B. Genetics and Molecular Biology 16-17%
1. Genetic foundations
Mendelian inheritance; Pedigree analysis
Prokaryotic genetics (transformation,
transduction, and conjugation)
Genetic mapping
2. Chromatin and chromosomes
Nucleosomes
Karyotypes
Chromosomal aberrations
Polytene chromosomes
3. Genome sequence organization
Introns and exons; Single-copy and
repetitive DNA
Transposable elements
4. Genome maintenance
DNA replication; DNA mutation and repair
5. Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes: mechanisms
The operon; Promoters and enhancers;
Transcription factors; RNA and protein
synthesis; Processing and modifications
of both RNA and protein
6. Gene expression and regulation: effects
Control of normal development; Cancer
and oncogenes
Signaling mechanisms in cells
7. Immunobiology
Cellular basis of immunity; Antibody
diversity and synthesis
Antigen-antibody interactions
8. Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses
Viral genomes, replication, and assembly
Virus-host cell interactions
9. Recombinant DNA methodology
Restriction endonucleases; Blotting and
hybridization
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms;
DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis;
Polymerase chain reaction
************************************II. Organismal Biology 33-34%
The structure, physiology, behavior, and develop-ment
of plants and animals are addressed. Topics
covered include nutrient procurement and processing,
gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids,
control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in
autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of
developmental phemonena range from fertilization
through differentiation and morphogenesis. Percep-tions
and responses to environmental stimuli are
examined as they pertain to both plants and animals.
Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic
relationships of selected groups from the various
kingdoms are also covered.
A. Animal Structure, Function, and
Organization 9-10%
1. Exchange with environment
Nutrient, salt, and water exchange
Gas exchange; Energy
2. Internal transport and exchange
Circulatory, gastrovascular, and
digestive systems
3. Support and movement
Support systems (external, internal,
and hydrostatic)
Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary,
and muscular)
4. Integration and control mechanisms
Nervous and endocrine systems
5. Behavior (communication, orientation,
learning, and instinct)
6. Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and
activity)
B. Animal Reproduction and Development 5-6%
1. Reproductive structures
2. Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization
3. Early development (e.g., polarity, cleavage,
and gastrulation)
4. Developmental processes (e.g., induction,
determination, differentiation, morphogenesis,
and metamorphosis)
5. External control mechanisms (e.g., photoperiod)
C. Plant Structure, Function, and Organization,
with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 6-7%
1. Tissues, tissue systems, and organs
2. Water transport, including absorption and
transpiration
3. Phloem transport and storage
4. Mineral nutrition
5. Plant energetics (e.g., respiration and
photosynthesis)
D. Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development,
with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 4-5%
1. Reproductive structures
2. Meiosis and sporogenesis
3. Gametogenesis and fertilization
4. Embryogeny and seed development
5. Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and
differentiation
6. Control mechanisms (e.g., hormones, photo-period,
and tropisms)
E. Diversity of Life 6-7%
1. Archaebacteria
Morphology, physiology, and identification
2. Eubacteria (including cyanobacteria)
Morphology, physiology, pathology, and
identification
3. Protista
Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista
(slime molds and Oomycota), and
autotrophic Protista
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
Importance (e.g., eutrophication, disease)
4. Fungi
Distinctive features of major phyla
(vegetative, asexual, and sexual
reproduction)
Generalized life cycles
Importance (e.g., decomposition,
biodegradation, antibiotics, and
pathogenicity)
Lichens
5. Animalia with emphasis on major phyla
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
6. Plantae with emphasis on major phyla
Alternation of generations
Major distinguishing characteristics
Phylogenetic relationships
*********************************************
III. Ecology and Evolution 33-34%
This section deals with the interactions of organ-isms
and their environment, emphasizing biological
principles at levels above the individual. Ecological
and evolutionary topics are given equal weight.
Ecological questions range from physiological adapta-tions
to the functioning of ecosystems. Although
principles are emphasized, some questions may
consider applications to current environmental
problems. Questions in evolution range from its
genetic foundations through evolutionary processes
to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the
molecular, individual, population, and higher levels.
Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are
interrelated in many questions. Some questions may
require quantitative skills, including the interpreta-tion
of simple mathematical models.
A. Ecology 16-17%
1. Environment/organism interaction
Biogeographic patterns; Adaptations to
environment; Temporal patterns
2. Behavioral ecology
Habitat selection; Mating systems;
Social systems; Resource acquisition
3. Population structure and function
Population dynamics/regulation;
Demography and life history strategies
4. Communities
Interspecific relationships;
Community structure and diversity;
Change and succession
5. Ecosystems
Productivity and energy flow; Chemical
cycling
B. Evolution 16-17%
1. Genetic variability
Origins (mutations, linkage, recombination,
and chromosomal alterations)
Levels (e.g., polymorphism and heritability)
Spatial patterns (e.g., clines and ecotypes)
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
2. Evolutionary processes
Gene flow and genetic drift; Natural
selection; Levels of selection (e.g.,
individual and group)
3. Evolutionary consequences
Fitness and adaptation; Speciation;
Systematics and phylogeny; Convergence,
divergence, and extinction
4. History of life
Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Fossil record
Paleontology and paleoecology
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