Flyingoverseas °æ (¾«»ªÇø)
·¢ÐÅÈË: bonjovi (bonjovi), ÐÅÇø: Flyingoverseas
±ê Ìâ: GREÕæÌâ½²½â------NO2--(2)-(1)-ÔĶÁ
·¢ÐÅÕ¾: ¹þ¹¤´ó×϶¡Ïã (2001Äê08ÔÂ09ÈÕ21:32:09 ÐÇÆÚËÄ), Õ¾ÄÚÐżþ
Even as the number of females
¡¡¡¡processed through juvenile courts
¡¡¡¡climbs steadily, an implicit consensus
¡¡¡¡remains among scholars in criminal
(5) justice that male adolescents define
¡¡¡¡the delinquency problem in the United
¡¡¡¡States. We suggest two reasons why
¡¡¡¡this view persists. First, female
¡¡¡¡adolescents are accused primarily of
(10) victimless crimes, such as truancy,
¡¡¡¡that do not involve clear-cut damage
¡¡¡¡to persons or property. If committed
¡¡¡¡by adults, these actions are not even
¡¡¡¡considered prosecutable; if committed
(15) by juvenile males, they have
¡¡¡¡traditionally been looked on leniently
¡¡¡¡by the courts. Thus ironically, the
¡¡¡¡plight of female delinquents receives
¡¡¡¡little scrutiny because they are
(20) accused of committing relatively
¡¡¡¡minor offenses. Second, the courts
¡¡¡¡have long unjustified so-called
¡¡¡¡preventive intervention into the lives
¡¡¡¡of young females viewed as antisocial
(25) with the rationale that women are
¡¡¡¡especially vulnerable. Traditional
¡¡¡¡stereotypes of women as the weaker
¡¡¡¡and more dependent sex have led to
¡¡¡¡earlier intervention and longer
(30) periods of misdirected supervision for
¡¡¡¡female delinquents than for males.
Which of the following statements
best expresses the irony pointed out
by the authors in lines 17-21 of the
passage?
Female delinquents tend to commit
victimless crimes more frequently
than their male counterparts.
The predicament of male delinquents
receives more attention than that
of females because males are accused
of more serious crimes.
Adults are frequently punished less
severely than adolescents for
committing more serious crimes.
The juvenile justice system cannot
correct its biases because it does
not even recognize them.
Although the number of female
delinquents is steadily increasing,
the crimes of which they are accused
are not particularly serious.
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It can be inferred from the passage
that the authors believe traditional
stereotypes of women to be
frequently challenged
persistently inexplicable
potentially harmful
rapidly changing
habitually disregarded
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The passage suggests that scholars
in criminal justice could be criticized
for which of the following?
Underestimating the seriousness of
juvenile crime
Rationalizing the distinction made
between juveniles and adults in the
legal system
Concerning themselves too little
with the prevention of juvenile
delinquency
Focusing on those whose crimes have
involved damage to persons or property
Failing to point out injustices in
the correctional system
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¡¡¡¡¡¡Scattered around the globe are
¡¡¡¡more than one hundred regions of
¡¡¡¡volcanic activity known as hot spots.
¡¡¡¡Unlike most volcanoes. hot spots are
(5) rarely found along the boundaries of
¡¡¡¡the continental and oceanic plates
¡¡¡¡that comprise the Earth's crust; most
¡¡¡¡hot spots lie deep in the interior of
¡¡¡¡plates and are anchored deep in the
(10) layers of the earth's surface. Hot
¡¡¡¡spots are also distinguished from
¡¡¡¡other volcanoes by their lavas, which
¡¡¡¡contain greater amounts of alkali
¡¡¡¡metals than do those from volcanoes
(15) at plate margins.
¡¡¡¡¡¡In some cases, plates moving past
¡¡¡¡hot spots have left trails of extinct
¡¡¡¡volcanoes in much the same way that
¡¡¡¡wind passing over a chimney carries
(20) off puffs of smoke. It appears that
¡¡¡¡the Hawaiian Islands were created in
¡¡¡¡such a manner by a single source of
¡¡¡¡lava, welling up from a hot spot, over
¡¡¡¡which the Pacific Ocean plate passed
(25) on a course roughly from the east
¡¡¡¡toward the northwest, carrying off a
¡¡¡¡line of volcanoes of increasing age.
¡¡¡¡Two other pacific island chains¡ªthe
¡¡¡¡Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu
(30) Ridge¡ªparallel the configuration of
¡¡¡¡the Hawaiian chain; they are also
¡¡¡¡aligned from the east toward the
¡¡¡¡northwest, with the most recent
¡¡¡¡volcanic activity near their eastern
(35) terminuses.
¡¡¡¡¡¡That the Pacific plate and the
¡¡¡¡other plates are moving is now beyond
¡¡¡¡dispute; the relative motion of the
¡¡¡¡plates has been reconstructed in
(40) detail. However, the relative motion
¡¡¡¡of the plates with respect to the
¡¡¡¡Earth's interior cannot be determined
¡¡¡¡easily. Hot spots provide the
¡¡¡¡measuring instruments for resolving
(45) the question of whether two
¡¡¡¡continental plates are moving in
¡¡¡¡opposite directions or whether one is
¡¡¡¡stationary and the other is drifting
¡¡¡¡away from it. The most compelling
(50) evidence that a continental plat is
¡¡¡¡stationary is that, at some hot spots,
¡¡¡¡lavas of several ages are superposed
¡¡¡¡instead of being spread out in
¡¡¡¡chronological sequence. Of course,
(55) reconstruction of plate motion from
¡¡¡¡the tracks of hot- spot volcanoes
¡¡¡¡assumes that hot spots are immobile,
¡¡¡¡or nearly so. Several studies support
¡¡¡¡such an assumption, including one
(60) that has shown that prominent hot
¡¡¡¡spots throughout the world seem not to
¡¡¡¡have moved during the past ten million
¡¡¡¡years.
¡¡¡¡¡¡Beyond acting as frames of reference,
(65) hot spots apparently influence the
¡¡¡¡geophysical processes that propel
¡¡¡¡the plates across the globe. When
¡¡¡¡a continental plate comes to rest
¡¡¡¡over a hot spot, material welling up
(70) from deeper layers forms a broad
¡¡¡¡dome that, as it grows, develops
¡¡¡¡deep fissures. In some instances, the
¡¡¡¡continental plate may rupture entirely
¡¡¡¡along some of the fissures so that
(75) hot spot initiates the formation of
¡¡¡¡a new ocean. Thus, just as earlier
¡¡¡¡theories have explained the mobility
¡¡¡¡of the continental plates. so hot-spot
¡¡¡¡activity may suggest a theory to
(80) explain their mutability.
The primary purpose of the passage
is to
describe the way in which hot
spots influence the extinction of
volcanoes
describe and explain the formation
of the oceans and continents
explain how to estimate the age of
lava flows from extinct volcanoes
describe hot spots and explain how
they appear to influence and record the
motion of plates
describe the formation and orientation
of island chains in the Pacific Ocean
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According to the passage, hot spots
differ from most volcanoes in that hot
spots
can only be found near islands
are active whereas all other volcanoes
are extinct
are situated closer to the earth's
surface
can be found along the edges of the
plates
have greater amounts of alkali metals
in their lavas
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It can be inferred from the passage
that evidence for the apparent course of
the Pacific plate has been provided by
the
contours of the continents.
dimensions of ocean hot spots
concurrent movement of two hot
spots
pattern of fissures in the ocean
floor
configurations of several mid-ocean
island chains
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It can be inferred from the passage
that the spreading out of lavas of
different ages at hot spots indicates
that a
hot spot is active
continental plate has moved
continental rupture is imminent
hot spot had been moving very
rapidly
volcano contains large concentrations
of alkali metals
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The passage suggests which of the
following about the Hawaiian Islands,
the Austral Ridge, and the Tuamotu
Ridge?
The three chains of islands are
moving eastward.
All the islands in the three chains
have stopped moving.
The three islands chains are a result
of the same plate movement.
The Hawaiian Islands are receding
from the other two island chains at a
relatively rapid rate.
The Austral Ridge and the Tuamotu
Ridge chains have moved closer together
whereas the Hawaiian Islands have remained
stationary.
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Which of the following, if true, would
best support the author's statement that
hot-spot activity may explain the
mutability of continental plates?
Hot spots move more rapidly than the
continental and oceanic plates.
Hot spots are reliable indicators of
the age of continental plates.
Hot spots are regions of volcanic
activity found only in the interiors
of the continental plates.
The alignment of hot spots in the
Pacific. Ocean parallels the alignment
of Pacific Ocean islands.
The coastlines of Africa and South
America suggest that they may once
have constituted a single continent
that ruptured along a line of hot
spots.
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The author's argument that hot spots
can be used to reconstruct the movement
of continental plates is weakened by
the fact that
hot spots are never found at the
boundaries of plates
only extinct volcanoes remain after
a plate moves over a hot spot
lava flow patterns for all hot spots
have not been shown to be the same
the immobility or near immobility of
hot spots has not been conclusively proven
the changing configurations of islands
make pinpointing the locations of hot
spots difficult
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dramatic
archaic
esoteric
objective
humanistic
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