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It is well known that biological
¡¡¡¡changes at the molecular level have
¡¡¡¡morphogenetic consequences,
¡¡¡¡consequences affecting the formation
(5) and differentiation of tissues and
¡¡¡¡organs. It is superfluous to point out
¡¡¡¡that gene mutations and disturbance
¡¡¡¡of the biosynthetic processes in the
¡¡¡¡embryo may result in abnormalities in
(10) the morphology (structure) of an
¡¡¡¡organism. However, whereas much is
¡¡¡¡known about causes and consequences
¡¡¡¡at the molecular level, and in spite of
¡¡¡¡an enormous accumulation of chemical
(15) and morphological data on embryos of
¡¡¡¡various kinds, out understanding of
¡¡¡¡how genes control morphogenesis is
¡¡¡¡still far from complete. Perhaps one
¡¡¡¡reason for this is that molecular
(20) biologists and morphologists speak
¡¡¡¡different languages. Whereas the
¡¡¡¡former speak about messenger-RNA
¡¡¡¡and conformational changes of
¡¡¡¡protein molecules, the latter speak of
(25) ectoderms, hypoblasts, and neural
¡¡¡¡crests.
¡¡¡¡¡¡One solution to this predicament
¡¡¡¡is to try to find some phenomena
¡¡¡¡relevant to morphogenesis which
(30) both the molecular biologist and
¡¡¡¡the morphologist can understand and
¡¡¡¡discuss. As morphogenesis must be
¡¡¡¡basically the result of changes in
¡¡¡¡behavior of the individual cells, it
(35) seems logical to ask morphologists
¡¡¡¡to describe the morphogenetic events
¡¡¡¡observed in terms of changes in
¡¡¡¡cellular contact, changes in the rate
¡¡¡¡of proliferation of cells, or similar
(40) phenomena. Once this is done, it may
¡¡¡¡be appropriate to ask questions about
¡¡¡¡the molecular background for these
¡¡¡¡changes. One may, for instance, ask
¡¡¡¡whether variations in cell contact
(45) reflect alterations in the populations
¡¡¡¡of molecules at the cell surface, or
¡¡¡¡one may inquire about the molecular
¡¡¡¡basis for the increased cell mobility
¡¡¡¡involved in cell dispersion.
(50) ¡¡Studies of this kind have been
¡¡¡¡carried out with cells released from
¡¡¡¡tissues in various ways and then
¡¡¡¡allowed to reveal their behavior after
¡¡¡¡being spread out into a thin layer.
(55) In many cases, such cells show the
¡¡¡¡ability to reaggregate, after which
¡¡¡¡different cell types may sort
¡¡¡¡themselves out into different layers
¡¡¡¡and even take part in still more
(60) intricate morphogenetic events. But in
¡¡¡¡most cases, the behavior of cells in
¡¡¡¡the intact embryo is difficult to
¡¡¡¡study because of the thickness and
¡¡¡¡opacity of the cell masses. The sea
(65) urchin embryo, however, has the
¡¡¡¡advantage that it is so transparent
¡¡¡¡that each cell can be easily observed
¡¡¡¡throughout development. Thus, by
¡¡¡¡recording the development of a sea
(70) urchin embryo with time-lapse
¡¡¡¡photography, the research scientist
¡¡¡¡might discover previously unknown
¡¡¡¡features of cellular behavior. Perhaps
¡¡¡¡the study of the sea urchin in this
(75) manner can provide a medium by which
¡¡¡¡the molecular biologist and the
¡¡¡¡morphologist can begin communicating
¡¡¡¡with each other more effectively about
¡¡¡¡the way in which genes control
(80) morphogenesis.
The author's primary purpose is to
outline a procedure and discuss
possible applications
evaluate an experiment in terms
of its applicability to medical
research
propose a method for curing specific
genetic disorders
explain a problem and suggest a
solution for it
reveal the shortcomings of several
attitudes toward genetic research
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The author states that research into
the genetic control of morphogenesis has
been impeded by
an incomplete understanding of
bimolecular reactions that are highly
complex
a lack of communication between
scientists whose work could be
complementary.
a reluctance on the part of morphologists
to share data with molecular biologists
a lack of research in the area of
morphology
the unavailability of suitable research
equipment
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The major objective of the author's
proposal is to
devise a technique for proving that
abnormalities in morphology result
from gene mutations
improve the procedures for organizing
chemical and morphological data
increase the accuracy of measurements
of cell populations and cell mobility
reduce the margin of error in the
study of conformational changes of
protein molecules
provide a plan for increasing knowledge
about the influence of genes on
morphogenesis
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It can be inferred from the passage
that some cells that have been isolated
from an organism have the ability to
control morphogenesis
reform to make higher organisms
reorganize to form clusters of cells
regulate the transmission of light
through the cell wall
regulate the rate of tissue formation
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It can be inferred from the passage
that the study of the effects of genes
on morphogenesis is best accomplished
by observing
intact developing embryos
adult sea urchins
isolated living cells
groups of genetically mutated cells
cells from the same kind of tissue
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According to the passage, it is
difficult to study cells in most
intact embryos because
morphogenetic events cannot be
isolated
embryos die quickly
embryos are difficult to obtain
individual cells reaggregate too
quickly
individual cells are difficult to
see
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Which of the following sequences best
describes author's suggestion for future
research on morphogenesis?
Accumulation of data, simplification
of language, explanation of morphogenesis
Dispersion of cells, evaluation of cell
activity, development of an explanatory
hypothesis
Classification of cell types, separation
of cell observation of cell activity
Observation of the cell development,
description of cell behavior, explanation
at the molecule level
Differentiation of cell types, description
of cell structure, analysis of molecular
components
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¡¡¡¡¡¡The Black experience, one might
¡¡¡¡automatically assume, is known to
¡¡¡¡every Black author. Henry James was
¡¡¡¡pondering a similar assumption when he
(5) said: "You were to suffer your fate.
¡¡¡¡That was not necessarily to know it. "
¡¡¡¡This disparity between an experience
¡¡¡¡and knowledge of that experience is
¡¡¡¡the longest bridge an artist must
(10) cross. Don L. Lee, in his picture of
¡¡¡¡the Black poet "studying his own
¡¡¡¡poetry and poetry of other Black
¡¡¡¡poets," touches on the crucial point.
¡¡¡¡In order to transform his own
(15) suffering-or joys-as a Black person
¡¡¡¡into usable knowledge for his readers,
¡¡¡¡the author must first order his
¡¡¡¡experiences in his mind. Only then
¡¡¡¡can be create feelingly and coherently
(20) the combination of fact and meaning
¡¡¡¡that Black audiences require for the
¡¡¡¡reexploration of their lives. A
¡¡¡¡cultural community of Black authors
¡¡¡¡studying one another's best works
(25) systematically would represent a
¡¡¡¡dynamic interchange of the spirit-
¡¡¡¡corrective and instructive and
¡¡¡¡increasingly beautiful in its recorded
¡¡¡¡expression."
It can be inferred from the
passage that the author considers
poetry to be which of the following?
A means of diversion in which suffering
is transformed into joy
An art form that sometimes stifles
creative energy
A bridge between the mundane and the
unreal
A medium for conveying important
information
An area where beauty must be sacrificed
for accuracy
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª
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¸öºÚÈË×÷¼ÒËùÊìÖª¡£µ±ÏíÀû¡¤Õ²Ä·Ë¹£¨Henry James£©³Æ£º¡°Äã±ØÐë¾ÀúÄã×Ô¼ºµÄ
ÃüÔË¡£
µ«ÄDz¢²»ÊÇ˵±ØÐëҪ֪ϤËü¡±Ê±£¬ËûËù˼Ë÷µÄÊÇÒ»¸öÀàËƵļÙÉè¡£ÕâÖÖÔÚijһ¾Ñé
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Don L.Lee
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¶ÔÆä
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Ëû·½
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½á
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community£©
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It can be inferred from the passage that
the author would be LEAST likely to approve
of which of the following?
Courses that promote cultural awareness
through the study of contemporary art
The development of creative writing
courses that encourage mutual criticism
of student work
Growing interest in extemporaneous
writing that records experiences as
they occur
A shift in interest from abstract
philosophical poetry to concrete
autobiographical poetry
Workshops and newsletters designed
to promote dialogues between poets
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª
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ÿһ
¸öºÚÈË×÷¼ÒËùÊìÖª¡£µ±ÏíÀû¡¤Õ²Ä·Ë¹£¨Henry James£©³Æ£º¡°Äã±ØÐë¾ÀúÄã×Ô¼ºµÄ
ÃüÔË¡£
µ«ÄDz¢²»ÊÇ˵±ØÐëҪ֪ϤËü¡±Ê±£¬ËûËù˼Ë÷µÄÊÇÒ»¸öÀàËƵļÙÉè¡£ÕâÖÖÔÚijһ¾Ñé
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Don L.Lee
ÔÚËû¶ÔºÚÈËÊ«ÈË¡°Ñо¿Æä×Ô¼ºµÄÊ«¸èÒÔ¼°ÆäËûºÚÈËÊ«È˵ÄÊ«¸è¡±Ëù×÷µÄÃè»æÖУ¬ÒÑ
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¶ÔÆä
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community£©
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The author refers to Henry James
primarily in order to
support his own perception of "the
longest bridge" (line 9)
illustrate a coherent "combination
of fact and meaning" (line 20)
provide an example of "dynamic
interchange of the spirit"(line 26)
establish the pervasiveness of lack
of self-knowledge
contrast James's ideas about poetry
with those of Don L. Lee
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ª
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¸öºÚÈË×÷¼ÒËùÊìÖª¡£µ±ÏíÀû¡¤Õ²Ä·Ë¹£¨Henry James£©³Æ£º¡°Äã±ØÐë¾ÀúÄã×Ô¼ºµÄ
ÃüÔË¡£
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Don L.Lee
ÔÚËû¶ÔºÚÈËÊ«ÈË¡°Ñо¿Æä×Ô¼ºµÄÊ«¸èÒÔ¼°ÆäËûºÚÈËÊ«È˵ÄÊ«¸è¡±Ëù×÷µÄÃè»æÖУ¬ÒÑ
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