Flyingoverseas 版 (精华区)
发信人: bonjovi (bonjovi), 信区: Flyingoverseas
标 题: GRE笔试真题No.5-3
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年08月26日18:16:01 星期天), 站内信件
By divesting himself of all regalities, the former
king----the consideration that customarily
protects monarchs.
merited
forfeited
debased
concealed
extended
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
divest (of): v.1.使脱去,卸下 2.使摆脱 3.迫使放弃,剥夺…的权利
regality: n.1.王位,君主身分 2.王权,王国
customarily: adv.习惯上,按照习俗,通常
monarch: n.君主,国王,皇帝,女皇(王)
merit: v.值得,应受
forfeit: v.(因疏忽而)丧失;(被剥夺而)失去
debase: v.降低…的身份,有损…的人格,贬低…的意义(价值)
由于放弃了他的全部王权,这位前国王便失去了习惯上保护君主的那种考虑。
A perennial goal in zoology is to infer function
from----, relating the----of an organism to its
physical form and cellular organization.
age.. ancestry
classification.. appearance
size.. movement
structure.. behavior
location.. habitat
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
perennial: a.1.终年的 2.长期不断的,常在的 3.反复的,一再的
zoology: n.1.动物学 2.动物区系 3.动物生理,动物特征
infer...from...: v.从…推断出…
cellular: a.细胞的
ancestry: n.1.祖先 2.世系,血统 3.名门出身
classification: n.1.分类,分级 2.〔生〕分类学,分类法 3.类别(系统),级别(
系统)
habitat: n.(动植物)生境,栖居地
动物学中一个长期永恒的目标是要从结构中推断出功能,将生物体的行为与其生理形态
和
细胞组织联结起来。
The sociologist responded to the charge that her
new theory was----by pointing out that it did
not in fact contradict accepted sociological
principles.
banal
heretical
unproven
complex
superficial
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
sociologist: n.社会学家
respond to: v.1.对…作答(或回答) 2.对…作出反应,响应
charge: n.控告,指控,指责
contradict: v.1.否认…的真实性 2.反驳 3.与…抵触,违背,与…矛盾
banal: a.陈腐平庸的,乏味的
heretical: a.异教的,异端的,持左道旁门观点的,叛经离道的
superficial: a.1.表面的,外部的 2.粗率的,肤浅的,浅薄的
某位社会学家对他人的责难——即她的新理论乃离经叛道之邪说——作出了回答,她指
出,
这一新理论事实上并没有背悖那些众所接受的社会学准则。
Industrialists seized economic power only after
industry had----agriculture as the preeminent
form of production; previously such power had-
---land ownership.
sabotaged.. threatened
overtaken.. produced
toppled.. culminated in
joined.. relied on
supplanted.. resided in
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
preeminent: a.卓越的,杰出的
sabotage: v.阴谋(蓄意)破坏,暗中捣乱
overtake: v.1.赶上,超过 2.突然降临于 3.(感情)压倒
topple: v.使倒塌,推翻,颠覆
culminate(in): v.达到顶点(高潮),使结束
supplant: v.取代,代替
reside(in): v.1.(性质)存在于 2.(权力)归属于
只有在工业取代农业转而变作一种主要的生产方式之后,工业家们才夺取了经济大权;
在
此之前,这种权力归属于土地所有权。
Rumors, embroidered with detail, live on for
years, neither denied nor confirmed, until they
become accepted as fact even among people not
known for their----.
insight
obstinacy
introspection
tolerance
credulity
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
rumor: n.谣言,传闻
embroider: v.1.在…刺绣 2.对(叙述)添枝加叶,渲染,对…加以修饰,润饰,夸张
insight: n.洞察力,深刻见解
obstinacy: n.固执,倔强,顽固
introspection: n.内省,自省,反省
credulity: n.轻信,易受骗
谣言,经过用细节添枝加叶地渲染之后,年复一年地存在下来,既不被人否定,亦不被
人
肯定,直到最后,即使在那些并非以轻信而著称的人们中间,也被当作事实而信以为真
。
No longer----by the belief that the world around
us was expressly designed for humanity, many
people try to find intellectual----for that lost
certainty in astrology and in mysticism.
satisfied.. reasons
sustained.. substitutes
reassured.. justifications
hampered.. equivalents
restricted.. parallels
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
expressly: adv.1.明显地,确切地 2.特意地,专诚
humanity: n.1.人类,(总称)人 2.人性 3.人疲乏,博爱,仁慈
intellectual: a.1.知识的,智力的,理智的 2.理解力强的 3.头脑的,思想的
certainty: n.1.确信,确实,确定性,确实性 2.必然的事,确凿的事实
astrology: n.占星术(学)
mysticism: n.1.神秘主义 2.人神交灵 3.虚构信仰
sustain: v.1.支撑,承受 2.支持,给…以力量,激励,使振作
reassure: v.向…再保证,安慰,使放心,使消除疑虑
justification: n.1.辩解,证明为正当 2.正当的理由,借口
hamper: v.1.妨碍,阻碍 2.限制,束缚
equivalent: n.相等之物
parallel: n.1.平行,并列 2.可相比拟的事物,相似之处 3.对相似之处作比较,比拟
由于“我们周围的这个世界是专诚为人类而设立的”这一信仰再也不能构成人们的精神
支
柱,因此,许多人便试图从占星术和神秘主义中觅取思想上的替代物,以弥补那业已失
去
的信念。
People should not be praised for their virtue if
they lack the energy to be----; in such cases,
goodness is merely the effect of----.
depraved.. hesitation
cruel.. effortlessness
wicked.. indolence
unjust.. boredom
iniquitous.. impiety
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
depraved: a.堕落的,腐化的,道德败坏的
effortlessness: n.容易,不费吹灰之力,轻而易举
wicked: a.坏的,邪恶的,罪恶的,缺德的
indolence: n.懒惰,惰性,好逸恶劳,懒散
unjust: a.非正义的,不合理的,不公正的,不公平的
boredom: n.厌烦,厌倦,乏味,无聊
iniquitous: a.极不公正的,邪恶的,罪恶的
impiety: n.1.不虔诚,不敬神,邪恶 2.不恭,不孝
人们不应该因其美德而受到赞誉,如果他们缺乏作恶的能量的话;在此类情形中,善这
一
美德仅仅是惰性所致。
SKELETON: ANIMAL::
ivory: piano
peel: fruit
ore: mine
mast: ship
framing: building
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
骨架(概要):动物
象牙:钢琴(音乐:轻柔的)
剥皮:水果
矿石:矿
桅杆:船
框架结构:建筑物
OUTSKIRTS: TOWN::
rung: ladder
trunk: tree
water: goblet
margin: page
hangar: airplane
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
郊区:城镇
椅,梯子之横杠:梯子
树干(皮箱,象鼻):树
水:高脚玻璃杯
边缘:页
飞机库:飞机
AMORPHOUSNESS: DEFINITION::
lassitude: energy
spontaneity: awareness
angularity: intricacy
rectitude: drabness
precision: uniformity
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
无定形的:限定
懒洋洋:精力
自发性:意识
态度生硬(瘦骨嶙峋):复杂
正直:枯燥
精确:统一,一律
COLLUSION: CONSPIRATORS::
conclusion: messengers
revision: correspondents
identification: arbitrators
attribution: interpreters
cooperation: partners
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
共谋:共谋犯
结论:信使
修改:记者
识别:仲裁者
属性(归因):翻译
协作:搭档
DIVERT: SHUNT::
file: collate
collide: dent
guess: calibrate
retard: brake
inspect: magnify
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
转向(使娱乐):(车)转向
归档(锉刀):校对
碰撞:凹痕
猜:测口径,校准
阻碍:刹车
检查:放大(赞美)
EQUIVOCATE: COMMITMENT::
procrastinate: action
implicate: exposition
expostulate: confusion
corroborate: falsification
fabricate: explanation
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
含糊其辞:承诺,义务
拖延:行动
牵连:说明(展览会)
(抗议)告诫:迷惑(混淆)
证实,加强:篡改
捏造:解释
ARMADA: VEHICLES::
drill: recruits
planning: logistics
infantry: cavalry
fusillade: projectiles
supply: munitions
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
舰队:船只(车辆)
训练(钻):新兵
计划:后勤学
步兵:骑兵
连发:弹丸(抛射物)
供给:弹药
LACONIC: SPEECH::
believable: excuse
unyielding: attitude
austere: design
somber: procession
gradual: transition
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
简洁的:演讲
可信的:借口
不屈服的:态度
朴素的(严厉的,紧缩的):设计
阴郁的:队列
逐渐的:转变
GROW: BURGEON::
beat: palpitate
transport: enrapture
flourish: thrive
rot: decay
evolve: multiply
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
生长:快速发展
心跳(搅拌):心脏急速而不规则地跳
欣喜若狂:使狂喜
繁荣(装饰):繁荣
腐烂:腐烂(衰退)
进化:繁殖
The belief that art originates in
intuitive rather than rational faculties
was worked out historically and
philosophically in the somewhat
(5) wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce,
who is usually considered the
originator of a new aesthetic. Croce
was, in fact, expressing a very old
idea. Long before the Romantics stressed
(10) intuition and self-expression, the
frenzy of inspiration was regarded as
fundamental to art, but philosophers had
always assumed it must be controlled by
law and by the intellectual power of
(15) putting things into harmonious order.
This general philosophic concept of art
was supported by technical necessities.
It was necessary to master certain laws
and to use intellect in order to build
(20) Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained
glass windows of Chartres. When this
bracing element of craftsmanship ceased
to dominate artists' outlook, new
technical elements had to be adopted to
(25) maintain the intellectual element in
art. Such were linear perspective and
anatomy.
The passage suggests that which of
the following would most likely have
occurred if linear perspective and
anatomy had not come to influence
artistic endeavor?
The craftsmanship that shaped Gothic
architecture would have continued to
dominate artists' outlooks.
Some other technical elements would
have been adopted to discipline artistic
inspiration.
Intellectual control over artistic
inspiration would not have influenced
painting as it did architecture.
The role of intuitive inspiration
would not have remained fundamental to
theories of artistic creation.
The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers
before Croce would have been invalidated.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
艺术源自直觉的而非理性的能力,这一信念是由贝内代托·克罗齐(Benedetto
Groce)在其令人略感厌倦乏味的著作中从历史和哲学的角度阐述建立起来的,而克罗齐
一般也被视作一种全新美学体系的创始人。事实上,克罗齐所表述的乃是一个极为古老
的思想。早在浪漫主义艺术家强调直觉和自我表达之前,灵感的癫狂被视作艺术之根本
,
但哲学家一贯认为,它必须受制于规律法则,受制于那种将万物组织成和谐秩序的理性
力量。这种有关艺术的一般哲学概念由于技术必要性而获得了依据。只有当人们必须掌
握了某些规律法则并运用理性,才能建造出哥特式大教堂(Gothic cathedral),或在
沙
特尔大教堂(Chartres)上安装彩绘玻璃窗。当这一起着主导作用的因素不再能支配艺
术家们的创作观时,新的技术因素必须被采用,以维持艺术中的理性成份。这就是直线
透视法(linear perspective)和解剖学(anstomy)。
The passage supplies information for
answering which of the following questions?
Does Romantic art exhibit the triumph
of intuition over intellect?
Did an emphasis on linear perspective
and anatomy dominate Romantic art?
Are the intellectual and intuitive
faculties harmoniously balanced in post-
Romantic art?
Are the effects of the rational control
of artistic inspiration evident in the great
works of pre-Romantic eras?
Was the artistic craftsmanship displayed
in Gothic cathedrals also an element in
paintings of this period?
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
艺术源自直觉的而非理性的能力,这一信念是由贝内代托·克罗齐(Benedetto
Groce)在其令人略感厌倦乏味的著作中从历史和哲学的角度阐述建立起来的,而克罗齐
一般也被视作一种全新美学体系的创始人。事实上,克罗齐所表述的乃是一个极为古老
的思想。早在浪漫主义艺术家强调直觉和自我表达之前,灵感的癫狂被视作艺术之根本
,
但哲学家一贯认为,它必须受制于规律法则,受制于那种将万物组织成和谐秩序的理性
力量。这种有关艺术的一般哲学概念由于技术必要性而获得了依据。只有当人们必须掌
握了某些规律法则并运用理性,才能建造出哥特式大教堂(Gothic cathedral),或在
沙
特尔大教堂(Chartres)上安装彩绘玻璃窗。当这一起着主导作用的因素不再能支配艺
术家们的创作观时,新的技术因素必须被采用,以维持艺术中的理性成份。这就是直线
透视法(linear perspective)和解剖学(anstomy)。
The passage implies that which of the
following was a traditional assumption of
aesthetic philosophers?
Intellectual elements in art exert a
necessary control over artistic inspiration.
Architecture has never again reached the
artistic greatness of the Gothic cathedrals.
Aesthetic philosophy is determined by
the technical necessities of art.
Artistic craftsmanship is more important
in architectural art than in pictorial art.
Paintings lacked the intellectual element
before the invention of linear perspective
and anatomy
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
艺术源自直觉的而非理性的能力,这一信念是由贝内代托·克罗齐(Benedetto
Groce)在其令人略感厌倦乏味的著作中从历史和哲学的角度阐述建立起来的,而克罗齐
一般也被视作一种全新美学体系的创始人。事实上,克罗齐所表述的乃是一个极为古老
的思想。早在浪漫主义艺术家强调直觉和自我表达之前,灵感的癫狂被视作艺术之根本
,
但哲学家一贯认为,它必须受制于规律法则,受制于那种将万物组织成和谐秩序的理性
力量。这种有关艺术的一般哲学概念由于技术必要性而获得了依据。只有当人们必须掌
握了某些规律法则并运用理性,才能建造出哥特式大教堂(Gothic cathedral),或在
沙
特尔大教堂(Chartres)上安装彩绘玻璃窗。当这一起着主导作用的因素不再能支配艺
术家们的创作观时,新的技术因素必须被采用,以维持艺术中的理性成份。这就是直线
透视法(linear perspective)和解剖学(anstomy)。
The author mentions "linear perspective
and anatomy" in the last sentence in order
to do which of the following ?
Expand his argument to include painting
as well as architecture
Indicate his disagreement with Croce's
theory of the origins of art
Support his point that rational order of
some kind has often seemed to discipline
artistic inspiration
Explain the rational elements in Gothic
painting that corresponded to craftsmanship
in Gothic architecture
Show the increasing sophistication of
artists after the Gothic period
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
艺术源自直觉的而非理性的能力,这一信念是由贝内代托·克罗齐(Benedetto
Groce)在其令人略感厌倦乏味的著作中从历史和哲学的角度阐述建立起来的,而克罗齐
一般也被视作一种全新美学体系的创始人。事实上,克罗齐所表述的乃是一个极为古老
的思想。早在浪漫主义艺术家强调直觉和自我表达之前,灵感的癫狂被视作艺术之根本
,
但哲学家一贯认为,它必须受制于规律法则,受制于那种将万物组织成和谐秩序的理性
力量。这种有关艺术的一般哲学概念由于技术必要性而获得了依据。只有当人们必须掌
握了某些规律法则并运用理性,才能建造出哥特式大教堂(Gothic cathedral),或在
沙
特尔大教堂(Chartres)上安装彩绘玻璃窗。当这一起着主导作用的因素不再能支配艺
术家们的创作观时,新的技术因素必须被采用,以维持艺术中的理性成份。这就是直线
透视法(linear perspective)和解剖学(anstomy)。
(The passage below is drawn from an
article published in 1962.)
Computer programmers often remark
that computing machines, with a perfect
(5) lack of discrimination, will do any foolish
thing they are told to do. The reason
for this lies, of course, in the narrow
fixation of the computing machine's
"intelligence" on the details of its own
(10) perceptions—its inability to be guided
by any large context. In a psychological
description of the computer intelligence,
three related adjectives come to mind:
single-minded, literal-minded, and
(15) simpleminded.Recognizing this, we should
at the same time recognize that this
single-mindedness, literal-mindedness,
and simplemindedness also characterizes
theoretical mathematics, though to a
(20) lesser extent.
Since science tries to deal with
reality, even the most precise sciences
normally work with more or less
imperfectly understood approximations
(25) toward which scientists must maintain
an appropriate skepticism. Thus, for
instance, it may come as a shock to
mathematicians to learn that the
Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen
(30) atom is not a literally correct
description of this atom, but only
an approximation to a somewhat more
correct equation taking account of
spin, magnetic dipole, and relativistic
(35) effects; and that this corrected
equation is itself only an imperfect
approximation to an infinite set of
quantum field-theoretical equations.
Physicists, looking at the original
(40) Schrodinger equation, learn to sense
in it the presence of many invisible
terms in addition to the differential
terms visible, and this sense inspires
an entirely appropriate disregard for
(45) the purely technical features of the
equation. This very healthy skepticism
is foreign to the mathematical approach.
Mathematics must deal with well-
defined situations. Thus,mathematicians
(50) depend on an intellectual effort
outside of mathematics for the crucial
specification of the approximation that
mathematics is to take literally. Give
mathematicians a situation that is the
(55) least bit ill-defined, and they will
make it well-defined, perhaps
appropriately, but perhaps
inappropriately. In some cases, the
mathematicians' literal-mindedness may
(60) have unfortunate consequences. The
mathematicians turn the scientists'
theoretical assumptions, that is, their
convenient points of analytical emphasis,
into axioms, and then take these axioms
(65) literally. This brings the danger that
they may also persuade the scientists to
take these axioms literally. The question,
central to the scientific investigation but
intensely disturbing in the mathematical
(70) context—what happens if the axioms are
relaxed?—is thereby ignored.
The physicist rightly dreads precise
argument, since an argument that is
convincing only if it is precise loses
(75) all its force if the assumptions on
which it is based are slightly changed,
whereas an argument that is convincing
though imprecise may well be stable
under small perturbations of its
(80) underlying assumptions.
The author discusses computing machines
in the first paragraph primarily in order
to do which of the following?
Indicate the dangers inherent in relying
to a great extent on machines
Illustrate his views about the approach
of mathematicians to problem solving
Compare the work of mathematicians with
that of computer programmers
Provide one definition of intelligence
Emphasize the importance of computers in
modern technological society
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
计算机程序专家们经常指出,计算机由于绝然缺乏识别能力,因此会做出它们被告
知去做的任何傻事。无庸置疑,这一现象的原因在于计算机的“智能”过于狭隘地集中
在其自身感知的细节上——即它无法接受任何较广泛的背景的指导。在对计算机智能的
心理学描述中,三个相互关联的形容词即浮现于我们的脑际:思维单一化、思维拘泥刻
板、以及思维简单化。在认识到这一点的过程中,我们同时亦应认识到,这种单一的思
维、拘泥刻板的思维、以及简单化的思维模式也构成了理论数学(theoretical
mathematics)的特征,尽管程度不至如此严重。
由于科学所处理的是现实,因而,即使是最为精确的科学门类一般而言在进行研究
时都会带有一些或多或少未被透彻理解的近似值,而科学家针对这些近似值必须保持一
种恰如其分的怀疑。因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕
不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的
描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、
以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个
不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。物理学家在看待原初的薛
定谔方程式的过程中,懂得在该方程式中感觉到,除了那些显而易见的微分项(differ
ential
term)之外,还存在着许多隐而不见的数项,而这种感觉激发起一种完全恰当的对该方
程
式纯粹的技术特征予以忽略不计。这种甚为健康有益的怀疑态度对于数学的研究方法来
说是极为陌生罕见的。
数学必须处理明晰的(well-definded)的问题。因此,数学家会依赖数学领域之外的
一种理智努力,对近似值进行至关重要的具体化处理,并从此以后拘泥刻板地予以接受
。
给数学家出一道模糊性降至最低程度的难题,他们必将其弄得明晰确切,这样做或许恰
当,但或许并不恰当。在某些情形中,数学家拘泥刻板的思维模式会招致不幸的后果。
数学家将科学家们的理论假设——换言之,他们分析强调之权宜之计——转化成公理
(axiom),并由此拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。这便带来一种危险,即他们可能也会竭力
劝说科学家们拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。那个对于科学调研至关重要但在数学背景中令
人极为不安的问题——倘若这些公理并不严密的话将会发生怎样的后果?——因而就被
回避忽略了。
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条
件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用
;
而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying
assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
According to the passage, scientists are
skeptical toward their equations because
scientists
work to explain real, rather than
theoretical or simplified, situations
know that well-defined problems are often
the most difficult to solve
are unable to express their data in terms
of multiple variables
are unwilling to relax the axioms they
have developed
are unable to accept mathematical
explanations of natural phenomena
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
计算机程序专家们经常指出,计算机由于绝然缺乏识别能力,因此会做出它们被告
知去做的任何傻事。无庸置疑,这一现象的原因在于计算机的“智能”过于狭隘地集中
在其自身感知的细节上——即它无法接受任何较广泛的背景的指导。在对计算机智能的
心理学描述中,三个相互关联的形容词即浮现于我们的脑际:思维单一化、思维拘泥刻
板、以及思维简单化。在认识到这一点的过程中,我们同时亦应认识到,这种单一的思
维、拘泥刻板的思维、以及简单化的思维模式也构成了理论数学(theoretical
mathematics)的特征,尽管程度不至如此严重。
由于科学所处理的是现实,因而,即使是最为精确的科学门类一般而言在进行研究
时都会带有一些或多或少未被透彻理解的近似值,而科学家针对这些近似值必须保持一
种恰如其分的怀疑。因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕
不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的
描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、
以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个
不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。物理学家在看待原初的薛
定谔方程式的过程中,懂得在该方程式中感觉到,除了那些显而易见的微分项(differ
ential
term)之外,还存在着许多隐而不见的数项,而这种感觉激发起一种完全恰当的对该方
程
式纯粹的技术特征予以忽略不计。这种甚为健康有益的怀疑态度对于数学的研究方法来
说是极为陌生罕见的。
数学必须处理明晰的(well-definded)的问题。因此,数学家会依赖数学领域之外的
一种理智努力,对近似值进行至关重要的具体化处理,并从此以后拘泥刻板地予以接受
。
给数学家出一道模糊性降至最低程度的难题,他们必将其弄得明晰确切,这样做或许恰
当,但或许并不恰当。在某些情形中,数学家拘泥刻板的思维模式会招致不幸的后果。
数学家将科学家们的理论假设——换言之,他们分析强调之权宜之计——转化成公理
(axiom),并由此拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。这便带来一种危险,即他们可能也会竭力
劝说科学家们拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。那个对于科学调研至关重要但在数学背景中令
人极为不安的问题——倘若这些公理并不严密的话将会发生怎样的后果?——因而就被
回避忽略了。
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条
件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用
;
而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying
assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
It can be inferred from the passage that
scientists make which of the following
assumptions about scientific arguments?
The literal truth of the arguments can
be made clear only in a mathematical context.
The arguments necessarily ignore the
central question of scientific investigation.
The arguments probably will be convincing
only to other scientists.
The conclusions of the arguments do not
necessarily follow from their premises.
The premises on which the arguments are
based may change.
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
计算机程序专家们经常指出,计算机由于绝然缺乏识别能力,因此会做出它们被告
知去做的任何傻事。无庸置疑,这一现象的原因在于计算机的“智能”过于狭隘地集中
在其自身感知的细节上——即它无法接受任何较广泛的背景的指导。在对计算机智能的
心理学描述中,三个相互关联的形容词即浮现于我们的脑际:思维单一化、思维拘泥刻
板、以及思维简单化。在认识到这一点的过程中,我们同时亦应认识到,这种单一的思
维、拘泥刻板的思维、以及简单化的思维模式也构成了理论数学(theoretical
mathematics)的特征,尽管程度不至如此严重。
由于科学所处理的是现实,因而,即使是最为精确的科学门类一般而言在进行研究
时都会带有一些或多或少未被透彻理解的近似值,而科学家针对这些近似值必须保持一
种恰如其分的怀疑。因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕
不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的
描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、
以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个
不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。物理学家在看待原初的薛
定谔方程式的过程中,懂得在该方程式中感觉到,除了那些显而易见的微分项(differ
ential
term)之外,还存在着许多隐而不见的数项,而这种感觉激发起一种完全恰当的对该方
程
式纯粹的技术特征予以忽略不计。这种甚为健康有益的怀疑态度对于数学的研究方法来
说是极为陌生罕见的。
数学必须处理明晰的(well-definded)的问题。因此,数学家会依赖数学领域之外的
一种理智努力,对近似值进行至关重要的具体化处理,并从此以后拘泥刻板地予以接受
。
给数学家出一道模糊性降至最低程度的难题,他们必将其弄得明晰确切,这样做或许恰
当,但或许并不恰当。在某些情形中,数学家拘泥刻板的思维模式会招致不幸的后果。
数学家将科学家们的理论假设——换言之,他们分析强调之权宜之计——转化成公理
(axiom),并由此拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。这便带来一种危险,即他们可能也会竭力
劝说科学家们拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。那个对于科学调研至关重要但在数学背景中令
人极为不安的问题——倘若这些公理并不严密的话将会发生怎样的后果?——因而就被
回避忽略了。
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条
件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用
;
而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying
assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
According to the passage, mathematicians
present a danger to scientists for which of
the following reasons?
Mathematicians may provide theories that
are incompatible with those already
developed by scientists.
Mathematicians may define situation in a
way that is incomprehensible to scientists.
Mathematicians may convince scientists
that theoretical assumptions are facts.
Scientists may come to believe that
axiomatic statements are untrue.
Scientists may begin to provide arguments
that are convincing but imprecise.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
计算机程序专家们经常指出,计算机由于绝然缺乏识别能力,因此会做出它们被告
知去做的任何傻事。无庸置疑,这一现象的原因在于计算机的“智能”过于狭隘地集中
在其自身感知的细节上——即它无法接受任何较广泛的背景的指导。在对计算机智能的
心理学描述中,三个相互关联的形容词即浮现于我们的脑际:思维单一化、思维拘泥刻
板、以及思维简单化。在认识到这一点的过程中,我们同时亦应认识到,这种单一的思
维、拘泥刻板的思维、以及简单化的思维模式也构成了理论数学(theoretical
mathematics)的特征,尽管程度不至如此严重。
由于科学所处理的是现实,因而,即使是最为精确的科学门类一般而言在进行研究
时都会带有一些或多或少未被透彻理解的近似值,而科学家针对这些近似值必须保持一
种恰如其分的怀疑。因此,举例来说,对数学家而言,了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕
不已,即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的
描述,而仅仅是个近似值,趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、
以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个
不完美的近似值,趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。物理学家在看待原初的薛
定谔方程式的过程中,懂得在该方程式中感觉到,除了那些显而易见的微分项(differ
ential
term)之外,还存在着许多隐而不见的数项,而这种感觉激发起一种完全恰当的对该方
程
式纯粹的技术特征予以忽略不计。这种甚为健康有益的怀疑态度对于数学的研究方法来
说是极为陌生罕见的。
数学必须处理明晰的(well-definded)的问题。因此,数学家会依赖数学领域之外的
一种理智努力,对近似值进行至关重要的具体化处理,并从此以后拘泥刻板地予以接受
。
给数学家出一道模糊性降至最低程度的难题,他们必将其弄得明晰确切,这样做或许恰
当,但或许并不恰当。在某些情形中,数学家拘泥刻板的思维模式会招致不幸的后果。
数学家将科学家们的理论假设——换言之,他们分析强调之权宜之计——转化成公理
(axiom),并由此拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。这便带来一种危险,即他们可能也会竭力
劝说科学家们拘泥刻板地接受这些公理。那个对于科学调研至关重要但在数学背景中令
人极为不安的问题——倘若这些公理并不严密的话将会发生怎样的后果?——因而就被
回避忽略了。
物理学家恐惧于那些精确无误的论据不无道理,因为某种只有在它是精确无误的条
件下才令人置信的论据,一旦它赖于建立其上的假设稍有变化,便会失去它一部的作用
;
而与此相反,一个尽管并不精确无误但却令人置信的论据,在其基本假设(underlying
assumption)稍微受干扰的情况下,仍然有可能是站得住脚的。
The author suggests that the approach of
physicists to solving scientific problems is
which of the following?
Practical for scientific purposes
Detrimental to scientific progress
Unimportant in most situations
Expedient, but of little long-term value
Effective, but rarely recognized as such
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
计算机程序专家们经常指出,计算机由于绝然缺乏识别能力,因此会做出它们被告
知去做的任何傻事。无
--
过去太遥远,未来太迷茫。
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