Flyingoverseas 版 (精华区)
发信人: bonjovi (bonjovi), 信区: Flyingoverseas
标 题: GRE笔试真题No.9-4
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (2001年08月26日18:27:57 星期天), 站内信件
A group of three objects must be selected from six objects—K, O, S, T, V,
and W—according to the following conditions:
Either K or S, or both, must be selected.
Either O or V must be selected, but neither V nor S can be selected with O
.
Which of the following is an acceptable selection of objects?
K, O, and S
K, S, and T
K, S, and V
O, S, and V
O, T, and V
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
Which of the following pairs of objects CANNOT both be among the objects
selected?
K and O
K and T
O and W
T and W
V and W
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If S is selected, which of the following must also be among the objects
selected?
K
O
T
V
W
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If V is not selected, which pair of objects must be among those selected?
K and O
K and T
K and W
O and T
O and W
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
Research has proved that eating lots of fish greatly decreases the risk of
developing heart disease. The key factor providing protection has been
identified as omega-3 fatty acids, a family of fatty acids found in fish oil
s.
Therefore, if people take dietary supplements of omega-3's in capsule form,
they will decrease their risk of developing heart disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the conclusion
drawn above?
Some dietary supplements have been shown to have harmful side effects.
Omega-3's occur in extremely low quantities in some kinds of fish.
Omega-3's are effective only because they interact with other substances
found mainly in fish.
The majority of people who eat fish say that they do so because they like
the taste of fish.
Researchers have found evidence that fish oil supplements would also reduce
the effects of asthma and arthritis for some persons.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
It is no wonder that some domestic car companies have to attract potential
buyers with rebates and low interest rates. Why do not those companies produ
ce
cars that are more fuel- efficient? If all domestic manufacturers built cars
that were as fuel-efficient as imported cars, rebates and low interest rates
would not be needed.
The argument above would be most strengthened if which of the following were
true?
The offer of rebates has always signified that an industry is in decline.
For a majority of buyers of new cars, high fuel efficiency is the most
important criterion in choosing a car.
Some cars built by domestic manufacturers are more fuel-efficient than
many of the popular imported cars.
Many car buyers prefer to purchase midsize and larger cars.
Many car buyers rate operating costs as less important than initial purchas
e
price when choosing a car.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
Ergot is a fungus that can infest the seed heads of any grain crop but is
common only on rye. Ergot contains chemicals poisonous to humans.
Rye was introduced in Europe in the Middle Ages as a crop for land too poor
and damp for wheat to grow well. Thus, rye tended to be the staple of the po
orer
peasants.
Which of the following hypotheses is best supported by the information above
?
Ergot did not occur in Europe prior to the Middle Ages
People in the Middle Ages were well aware of the toxicity of ergot.
Before the introduction of rye, no attempts had been made to cultivate
the poor and damp land in Europe.
In Europe during the Middle Ages, prosperous people were less at risk from
ergot poisoning than poor people were.
Prior to the Middle Ages, Europe was as densely populated as dependence on
a single grain crop permitted.
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
A map representing countries R, S, W, X, Y, and Z is to be drawn. Adjacent
countries cannot be the same color on the map.
The only countries adjacent to each other are as follows:
R, S, X, and Y are each adjacent to W.
X is adjacent to Y.
R and S are each adjacent to Z.
Which of the following is a pair of countries that must be different in col
or
from each other?
R and X
S and X
S and Z
X and Z
Y and Z
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
If X is the same color as Z, then it must be true that
R is the same color as Y
S is the same color as X
X is the same color as Y
S is a different color from any other country
W is a different color from any other country
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
Which of the following is a pair of countries that can be the same color as
each other?
R and S
S and W
W and X
W and Y
X and Y
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
Which of the following countries can be the same color as W?
R
S
X
Y
Z
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
If the fewest possible colors are used and one of the countries is the only
one of a certain color, that country could be
W, but not any of the other countries
Z, but not any of the other countries
R or S, but not any of the other countries
W or X or Y, but not any of the other countries
W or Y or Z, but not any of the other countries
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
Three sizes of hats—small, medium, and large—are stored in four sealed box
es.
For each of the three sizes of hats, there are exactly three boxes that
contain that size.
Four labels accurately reflecting the contents of the boxes were prepared.
However, only two of the labels were placed on the correct boxes, and the
other two labels were placed on the wrong boxes.
As a result, the boxes are labeled as follows:
Box 1—Small and medium
Box 2—Small and large
Box 3—Medium and large
Box 4—Small, medium, and large
If box 3 actually contains no small hats, which of the following must be tru
e?
Box 1 is correctly labeled.
Box 2 is correctly labeled.
Box 3 is correctly labeled.
Box 1 contains no small hats.
Box 2 contains no medium-sized hats.
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
If box 4 actually contains no small hats, which of the following must be tr
ue?
Box 3 is correctly labeled.
Box 4 is correctly labeled.
Box 1 is incorrectly labeled.
Box 2 is incorrectly labeled.
Box 3 is incorrectly labeled.
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
If box 1 is correctly labeled, which of the following must be true?
Box 2 contains no small hats.
Box 2 contains no medium-sized hats.
Box 2 contains no large hats.
Box 4 contains some small hats.
Box 4 contains some large hats.
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
If box 1 and box 4 are the mislabeled boxes, which of the following must be
true?
Box 1 contains some hats of all three sizes.
Box 2 contains some hats of all three sizes.
Box 3 contains some hats of all three sizes.
Box 3 contains no medium-sized hats.
Box 3 contains no large hats.
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
If box 1 and box 4 are the correctly labeled boxes, which of the following
must be true?
Both box 1 and box 2 contain small hats.
Both box 1 and box 2 contain medium-sized hats.
Both box 1 and box 3 contain medium-sized hats.
Both box 2 and box 3 contain small hats.
Both box 3 and box 4 contain medium-sized hats.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
If at least small and medium-sized hats are known to be in box 4, which of
the following must be true?
If box 1 contains at least small and medium-sized hats, box 2 contains
large hats.
If box 1 contains only small and medium-sized hats, box 2 contains small
hats.
If box 2 contains only small and medium-sized hats, box 1 does not contain
small hats.
If box 2 contains at least medium-sized and large hats, box 4 does not
contain large hats.
If box 3 contains at least small and large hats, box 2 does not contain
large hats.
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
A snowplow driver must clear all six shipping terminals—F, G, H, J, N, R—
of snow one at a time. The sequence in which the clearing is done must confo
rm
to the following specific rules:
Terminal R must be cleared sometime before terminal F and also sometime be
fore
terminal N.
Terminal G must be cleared sometime after terminal F and also sometime aft
er
terminal J.
Terminal H cannot be cleared immediately before or immediately after termi
nal J.
A terminal that is about to receive shipments must, when it is consistent
with
the rules above, be cleared before a terminal that is not.
If H and N alone are about to receive shipments, the terminals can be clear
ed
in which of the following sequences?
R, N, F, H, G, J
H, N, R, J, F, G
R, H, F, N, J, G
H, R, N, J, F, G
R, N, F, J, G, H
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
If J alone is about to receive shipments, the terminals can be cleared in
which of the following sequences?
J, F, H, G, R, N
J, H, G, R, F, N
J, R, N, F, H, G
R, F, N, J, H, G
R, J, G, F, N, H
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
If G and N alone are about to receive shipments, which of the following
must be true?
N is cleared first.
R is cleared second.
J is cleared third.
F is cleared fourth.
H is cleared sixth.
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
If G and J alone are about to receive shipments, then the terminals can
be cleared in which of the following sequences?
R, J, F, G, H, N
R, J, G, N, F, H
J, G, R, H, F, N
J, R, F, N, G, H
J, R, F, G, N, H
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
During the last twenty years, eleven percent of those people who received
certification to practice in a particular profession were women, and all tho
se
people who received certification during those years obtained full-time
positions. Nevertheless, only five percent of the full-time positions in thi
s
profession are currently held by women.
Which of the following, if true, could explain the difference in the
percentages mentioned in the passage above?
It was easier to obtain certification twenty years ago than it is currently
.
The majority of those currently in the profession were hired more than twen
ty
years ago, when virtually everyone in the profession was male.
The women certified in the last twenty years have tended to choose differen
t
specialties within the profession than the men have tended to choose.
Male and female members of the profession have been paid according to equal
pay scales for all of the past twenty years.
Although women currently hold five percent of the full-time positions in th
e
profession, they hold only two percent of the supervisory positions.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
To be mentally healthy, people must have self- respect. People can maintain
self-respect only by continually earning the respect of others they esteem.
They can earn this respect only by treating these others morally.
Which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn from the statements
above?
People who are mentally healthy will be treated morally by other.
People who are mentally healthy will have treated morally those they esteem
.
People who are mentally healthy must have self-respect in order to be treat
ed
morally by other.
People can expect to be treated morally by others only if they esteem these
others.
People who have self-respect seldom treat morally those they esteem.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
People often recall having felt chilled before the onset of a cold. This
supports the hypothesis that colds are, at least sometimes, caused by becomi
ng
chilled; it is the chill that allows a rhinovirus, if present, to infect a
person.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the force of the
evidence cited above?
Being chilled is a form of stress, and stress lowers the defenses of a
person's immune system, which guards against infection.
After a rhinovirus has incubated in a person for several days, the first
symptom it causes is a feeling of chilliness.
People who are tired and then become chilled are more likely to catch
severe colds than are people who are chilled without being tired.
Some people who catch colds are not sure what it was that allowed them
to catch cold.
Rhinoviruses are not always present in the environment, and so a person
could become chilled without catching a cold.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
With its maverick approach to the subject,
Shere Hite's book has been more widely
debated than most; the media throughout the
country have brought the author's----opinions
to the public's attention.
controversial
authoritative
popular
conclusive
articulate
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
maverick: n.1.未打过烙印的牲口(尤指迷失的小牛)
2.(党派中)闹独立性的人,背离团体自行其事的人,持异见者
maverick: a.1.未烙印的,离群的,迷途的 2.行为不合常规的,持不同意见的
media: n.宣传工具,新闻媒体
authoritative: a.1.权威性,可信的 2.官方的 3.专断的,命令式的
conclusive: a.1.决定性的,结论性的,有说服力的 2.最终的
articulate: a.1.发音清晰的 2.善于表达的 3.表达清楚有力的
由于对课题的研究采用了一种离经叛道式的方法,希尔·海特的著作与大多数著作相比
受
到了更为广泛的争论;全国各地的传媒已将该作者有争议的观点提起公众的关注。
Though many medieval women possessed
devotional books that had belonged to their
mothers, formal written evidence of women
bequeathing books to their daughters is scarce,
which suggests that such bequests were----and
required no----.
unselfish.. rationalization
tangential.. approval
customary.. documentation
covert.. discretion
spurious.. record
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
medieval: a.1.中世纪的 2.中世纪风格的 3.老式的,守旧的
devotional: a.1.献身的,忠诚的 2.虔诚的,用于祈祷的
bequeath: v.(按遗嘱)把…遗留给,留传给
bequest: n.遗赠(物),遗产
rationalization: n.1.理性化,合理化 2.(心理)文饰作用
tangential: a.1.(数学)正切的 2.离题的,略为触及的
customary: a.1.惯常的,合乎习俗的 2.(法律)按照惯例的
covert: a.隐蔽的,掩饰的,秘密的
discretion: n.谨慎,慎重,明智
spurious: a.1.私生的 2.伪造的,欺骗的
尽管许多中世纪妇女拥有那些曾属于她们母亲的宗教祈祷书,但是,有关妇女将祈祷书
遗
赠给她们女儿的正式书面证据却寥寥无几,这表明这种遗赠行为是依据惯例而进行的,
并不需
要任何文件记载。
Although their initial anger had----somewhat,
they continued to----the careless worker who
had broken the machine.
blazed.. assail
diminished.. appease
abated.. berate
subsided.. condone
intensified.. torment
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
initial: a.开始的,最初的
blaze: v.1.熊熊燃烧,闪耀 2.迸发 3.炫耀
assail: v.1.袭击,攻击 2.质问,责骂
appease: v.1.平息抚慰 2.缓解,使…得以满足
abate: v.减缓
berate: v.痛斥,严责
subside: v.1.退落,消退 2.平息,缓和 3.沉淀
condone: v.1.宽恕,容忍 2.抵消(过失等)
尽管他们最初的怒气有所减缓,但他们依然对那个弄坏了机器的粗心大意的工人厉加斥
责。
Borrowing a copyrighted book from a library
amounts to a form of theft----by entrenched
custom: the copyright owner's property, the
book, is used repeatedly without----for such
use.
engendered.. application
anticipated.. acknowledgement
sanctioned.. compensation
provoked.. adjustment
perpetrated.. permission
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
copyright: n.版权
copyrighted: a.受版权保护的,获得版权的
amout to: v.等同,接近于
theft: n.偷盗,失窃,盗窃(罪)
entrenched: a.已确立的,处于牢固地位的
property: n.1.资产,财产 2.所有权 3.特质,属性
engender: v.使出现,产生,招致,造成
acknowledgement: n.1.承认 2.鸣谢,致谢,志谢
sanction: v.1.批准 2.赞许,认可,鼓励
compensation: n.补偿,赔偿
provoke: v.1.对…挑衅,煽动,激怒,刺激 2.激起,引起,惹 3.诱导,导致
perpetrate: v.犯(罪),作(恶),做(坏事),施行(骗局)
从图书馆里借阅一本受版权保护的著作,这在一定程度上等同于某种被根深蒂固的习俗
所
认可的偷盗行为:版权持有者的财产,即著作,反复不断地被使用,而这种使用却得不
到任何
补偿。
The notion that a parasite can alter the behavior
of a host organism is not mere fiction; indeed,
the phenomenon is not even----.
observable
real
comprehended
rare
imaginable
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
parasite: n.1.寄生生物,攀附植物 2.寄生虫
alter: v.改变,更改,使变样
host: n.〔生〕寄生,宿主,受体,受移植者
fiction: n.1.(一部)小说 2.虚构,捏造,想象
imaginable: a.可想象的,可想象到的
寄生虫能够改变寄主生物体行为,这一观点并不是纯粹的虚构;事实上,这一现象甚至
还
不是罕见的。
Although Shakespeare received little formal
education, scholarship has in recent years----the
view that he was----the work of classical
authors.
substantiated.. unimpressed by
eroded.. obsessed by
supported.. oblivious to
questioned.. influenced by
undermined.. unfamiliar with
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
formal education: n.正规教育
scholarship: n.学识,学术,学术成就,学术研究
substantiate: v.1.证实,证明…有根据 2.使具体化,实现
unimpressed: a.没有留下深刻印象的,未受感动的
erode: v.1.腐蚀,侵蚀,磨损 2.削弱,损害
obsess: v.1.使着迷,使心神不宁 2.困扰
oblivious(to): a.1.忘却的,健忘的 2.不注意的,不知觉的 3.令人忘却的
undermine: v.1.侵蚀…的基础 2.暗中破坏,逐渐损害(削弱)
尽管莎士比亚几乎没有接受过任何正规教育,但近几年来,学术研究已经削弱了这样一
个
观点,即他对古典作家的作品知之甚少。
Darwin's method did not really----the idea of race as
an important conceptual category; even the much more
central idea of species was little more than a theoretical----.
require.. convenience
apply.. measurement
exclude.. practice
subsume.. validation
reject.. fact
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
conceptual: a.1.概念的 2.概念艺术的
category: n.1.种类,类,类别 2.范畴
species: a.1.〔生〕种,物种 2.种,类
little more than: adv.仅仅,只不过
subsume: a.1.把…归入,纳入 2.把…包括在内,包含
validation: n.批准,确认有效,使生效,使有法律效力
达尔文的方法实际上并不需要“人种”这一概念作为一重要的概念范畴;即使是更为至
关
重要的“物种”这一概念也只不过是一种理论上的权宜之计而已。
DENTURE: TEETH::
scarf: head
toupee: hair
fingernail: hand
eyebrow: eye
bandage: wound
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
假牙:牙齿
围巾:头
假发:头发
指甲:手
眉毛:眼晴
绷带:伤口
PROFESSIONAL: ROOKIE::
player: fan
ranger: cowhand
prisoner: thief
soldier: recruit
conductor: musician
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
专业人员:新手
球员(音乐家):迷
护林员:牛仔
囚犯:贼
士兵,老兵:新兵
乐队指挥(导体):音乐家
SCRIPT: PLAY::
refrain: song
assignment: course
score: symphony
collection: story
debate: candidate
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
剧本:剧
叠句(抑制v.):歌曲
作业:课程
乐谱:交响乐
文集:故事
辩论:候选人
BUOYANT: SINK::
frozen: melt
liquid: evaporate
brittle: cleave
insoluble: dissolve
gaseous: expand
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
有浮力的:下沉
冻僵的:融化
液态的:蒸发
易碎的:劈开
不能溶解的:溶解
气体的:扩展延伸
CRAWL: PROCEED::
plummet: descend
nurture: grow
inundate: flood
rampage: destroy
dwindle: decrease
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
爬:前进
突然下落,笔直下落:下降
给与营养:生成,成长
泛滥:发洪水
狂暴,暴怒:摧毁
逐渐减少:减少
ELEGY: SORROW::
paean: distress
encomium: criticism
requiem: euphoria
tirade: joy
eulogy: admiration
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
哀歌:悲伤
赞歌:痛苦
颂词:批评
安魂曲:欣欢症
长篇攻击性演说:高兴
赞词:敬慕
FRIEZE: ORNAMENT::
arch: divide
relief: form
arabesque: accentuate
nave: border
pillar: support
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
饰带,横条:装饰
拱门:划分(除)
浮雕:形式
蔓藤图案:强调(重读v.)
教堂中殿:接壤
柱子:支持(供养)
DECELERATE: SPEED::
desiccate: dryness
extinguish: oxygen
interpolate: interval
decontaminate: sterility
enervate: vitality
————————————————————————
答案:(E)
减速:速度
干燥:干
熄灭:氧气
增添,插入(窜改):空隙
净化:干净无菌
削弱,使衰弱:活力,体力
DESPOTIC: TYRANNY::
authoritarian: superiority
skillful: celebrity
generous: liberality
suspect: illegality
peaceful: benevolence
————————————————————————
答案:(C)
专横的,专制的:专横,暴虐
极权主义的:上级,高级
有技巧的:名声(名人)
慷慨大方的:慷慨大方(开明自由)
可疑的:非法
和平的,平静的:善意
(The article from which the
passage was taken appeared in 1982.)
theorists are divided concerning the
origin of the Moon. Some hypothesize
(5) that the Moon was formed in the same
way as were the planets in the inner
solar system (Mercury, Venus, Mars,
and Earth)—from planet-forming
materials in the presolar nebula. But,
(10) unlike the cores of the inner planets,
the Moon's core contains little or nor
iron, while the typical planet-forming
materials were quite rich in iron.
Other theorists propose that the Moon
(15) was ripped out of the Earth's rocky
mantle by the Earth's collision with
another large celestial body after
much of the Earth's iron fell to its
core. One problem with the collision
(20) hypothesis is the question of how a
satellite formed in this way could
have settled into the nearly circular
orbit that the Moon has today.
Fortunately, the collision hypothesis
(25) is testable. If it is true, the
mantlerocks of the Moon and the Earth
should be the same geochemically.
The primary purpose of the passage
is to
present two hypotheses concerning
the origin of the Moon
discuss the strengths and weaknesses
of the collision hypothesis concerning
the origin of the Moon
propose that hypotheses concerning
the Moon's origin be tested
argue that the Moon could not have
been formed out of the typical planet-
forming materials of the presolar nebula
describe one reason why the Moon's
geochemical makeup should resemble that
of the Earth
————————————————————————
答案:(A)
理论家们围绕着月亮的起源各持己见,莫衷一是。有些理论家假设,月亮是以
太阳系内侧行星(水星、金星、火星、及地球)相同的方式形成的——从前太阳星
云内能够形成行星的材料中发展而来的。但是,与内侧行星的核心所不同的是,月
亮的核心所包含的铁寥寥无几,或根本没有,尽管典型的能够形成行星的材料中含
铁量相当丰富。其他的理论家提出,在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后,由于地球
与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞,月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。
有关碰撞假说的一个疑问是这样一个问题,即以这种方式形成的一颗卫星是如何能
够进入月亮今天所拥有的那种近乎圆形的轨道?值得庆幸的是,碰撞假设是可以检
验的,倘若它果真确凿无疑的话,则月亮和地球的风化层,其地质化学成分应是全
然一致的。
According to the passage, Mars and
the Earth are similar in which of the
following ways?
I. Their satellites were formed by
collisions with other celestial bodies.
II. Their cores contain iron.
III. They were formed from the presolar
nebula.
III only
I and II only
I and III only
II and III only
I, II, and III
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
理论家们围绕着月亮的起源各持己见,莫衷一是。有些理论家假设,月亮是以
太阳系内侧行星(水星、金星、火星、及地球)相同的方式形成的——从前太阳星
云内能够形成行星的材料中发展而来的。但是,与内侧行星的核心所不同的是,月
亮的核心所包含的铁寥寥无几,或根本没有,尽管典型的能够形成行星的材料中含
铁量相当丰富。其他的理论家提出,在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后,由于地球
与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞,月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。
有关碰撞假说的一个疑问是这样一个问题,即以这种方式形成的一颗卫星是如何能
够进入月亮今天所拥有的那种近乎圆形的轨道?值得庆幸的是,碰撞假设是可以检
验的,倘若它果真确凿无疑的话,则月亮和地球的风化层,其地质化学成分应是全
然一致的。
The author implies that a nearly
circular orbit is unlikely for a
satellite that
circles one of the inner planets
is deficient in iron
is different from its planet
geochemically
was formed by a collision between
two celestial bodies
was formed out of the planet-forming
materials in the presolar nebula
————————————————————————
答案:(D)
理论家们围绕着月亮的起源各持己见,莫衷一是。有些理论家假设,月亮是以
太阳系内侧行星(水星、金星、火星、及地球)相同的方式形成的——从前太阳星
云内能够形成行星的材料中发展而来的。但是,与内侧行星的核心所不同的是,月
亮的核心所包含的铁寥寥无几,或根本没有,尽管典型的能够形成行星的材料中含
铁量相当丰富。其他的理论家提出,在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后,由于地球
与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞,月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。
有关碰撞假说的一个疑问是这样一个问题,即以这种方式形成的一颗卫星是如何能
够进入月亮今天所拥有的那种近乎圆形的轨道?值得庆幸的是,碰撞假设是可以检
验的,倘若它果真确凿无疑的话,则月亮和地球的风化层,其地质化学成分应是全
然一致的。
Which of the following, if true, would
be most likely to make it difficult to
verify the collision hypothesis in the
manner suggested by the author?
The Moon's core and mantlerock are
almost inactive geologically.
The mantlerock of the Earth has
changed in composition since the
formation of the Moon, while the
mantlerock of the Moon has
remained chemically inert.
Much of the Earth's iron fell to
the Earth's core long before the
formation of the Moon, after which
the Earth's mantlerock remained
unchanged.
Certain of the Earth's elements,
such as platinum, gold, and iridium,
followed iron to the Earth's core.
The mantlerock of the Moon contains
elements such as platinum, gold, and
iridium.
————————————————————————
答案:(B)
理论家们围绕着月亮的起源各持己见,莫衷一是。有些理论家假设,月亮是以
太阳系内侧行星(水星、金星、火星、及地球)相同的方式形成的——从前太阳星
云内能够形成行星的材料中发展而来的。但是,与内侧行星的核心所不同的是,月
亮的核心所包含的铁寥寥无几,或根本没有,尽管典型的能够形成行星的材料中含
铁量相当丰富。其他的理论家提出,在地球的大部分铁沉入到地核之后,由于地球
与另一个庞大的天体发生碰撞,月亮便从地球那石质的地幔中撕裂开来而形成的。
有关碰撞假说的一个疑问是这样一个问题,即以这种方式形成的一颗卫星是如何能
够进入月亮今天所拥有的那种近乎圆形的轨道?值得庆幸的是,碰撞假设是可以检
验的,倘若它果真确凿无疑的话,则月亮和地球的风化层,其地质化学成分应是全
然一致的。
Surprisingly enough, modern
historians have rarely interested
themselves in the history of the
American South in the period before
(5) the South began to become self-
consciously and distinctively
"Southern" –the decades after 1815.
Consequently, the cultural history of
Britain's North American empire in the
(10) seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
has been written almost as if the
Southern colonies had never existed.
The American culture that emerged
during the Colonial and Revolutionary
(15) eras has been depicted as having been
simply an extension of New England
Puritan culture. However, Professor
Davis has recently argued that the
South stood apart from the rest of
(20) American society during this early
period, following its own unique
pattern of cultural development. The
case for Southern distinctiveness
rests upon two related premises:
(25) first, that the cultural similarities
among the five Southern colonies
were far more impressive than the
differences, and second, that what
made those colonies alike also made
(30) them different from the other
colonies. The first, for which Davis
offers an enormous amount of evidence,
can be accepted without major
reservations; the second is far
(35) more problematic.
What makes the second premise
problematic is the use of the Puritan
colonies as a basis for comparison.
Quite properly, Davis decries the
(40) excessive influence ascribed by
historians to the Puritans in the
formation of American culture. Yet
Davis inadvertently adds weight to
such ascriptions by using the
(45) Puritans as the standard against
which to assess the achievements and
contributions of Southern colonials.
Throughout, Davis focuses on the
important, and undeniable,
(50) differences between the Southern and
Puritan colonies in motives for and
patterns of early settlement, in
attitudes toward nature and Native
Americans, and in the degree of
(55) receptivity to metropolitan cultural
influences.
However, recent scholarship has
strongly suggested that those aspects
of early New England culture that seem
(60) to have been most distinctly Puritan,
such as the strong religious
orientation and the communal impulse,
were not even typical of New England
as a whole, but were largely confined
(65) to the two colonies of Massachuse
--
过去太遥远,未来太迷茫。
※ 来源:·哈工大紫丁香 bbs.hit.edu.cn·[FROM: 202.118.170.201]
Powered by KBS BBS 2.0 (http://dev.kcn.cn)
页面执行时间:206.181毫秒