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标 题: 孙子兵法 (中英对照) (2)
发信站: 哈工大紫丁香 (Sun Feb 16 20:13:04 2003) , 转信
送交者: sac 2003年2月15日23:59:08 于 [军事天地]http://www.cmilitary.com
回 答: 孙子兵法 (中英对照) (1) (zt) 由 sac 于 2003年2月15日23:57:57:
行军第九
IX. The Army on the March
孙子曰:凡处军相敌,绝山依谷,
Sun Tzu said: We come now to the question of encamping the army, and observing
signs of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains, and keep in the neighborhood
of valleys.
视生处高,战隆无登,此处山之军也。
Camp in high places, facing the sun. Do not climb heights in order to fight. S
o much for mountain warfare.
绝水必远水,
After crossing a river, you should get far away from it.
客绝水而来,勿迎之于水内,令半渡而击之利,
When an invading force crosses a river in its onward march, do not advance to
meet it in mid-stream. It will be best to let half the army get across, and th
en deliver your attack.
欲战者,无附于水而迎客,
If you are anxious to fight, you should not go to meet the invader near a rive
r which he has to cross.
视生处高,无迎水流,此处水上之军也。
Moor your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing the sun. Do not move up-s
tream to meet the enemy. So much for river warfare.
绝斥泽,唯亟去无留,
In crossing salt-marshes, your sole concern should be to get over them quickly
, without any delay.
若交军于斥泽之中,必依水草而背众树,此处斥泽之军也。
If forced to fight in a salt-marsh, you should have water and grass near you,
and get your back to a clump of trees. So much for operations in salt-marches.
平陆处易,右背高,前死后生,此处平陆之军也。
In dry, level country, take up an easily accessible position with rising groun
d to your right and on your rear, so that the danger may be in front, and safe
ty lie behind. So much for campaigning in flat country.
凡此四军之利,黄帝之所以胜四帝也。
These are the four useful branches of military knowledge which enabled the Yel
low Emperor to vanquish four several sovereigns.
凡军好高而恶下,贵阳而贱阴,
All armies prefer high ground to low and sunny places to dark.
养生而处实,军无百疾,是谓必胜。
If you are careful of your men, and camp on hard ground, the army will be free
from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
丘陵堤防,必处其阳而右背之,此兵之利,地之助也。
When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy the sunny side, with the slope on yo
ur right rear. Thus you will at once act for the benefit of your soldiers and
utilize the natural advantages of the ground.
上雨水流至,欲涉者,待其定也。
When, in consequence of heavy rains up-country, a river which you wish to ford
is swollen and flecked with foam, you must wait until it subsides.
凡地有绝涧、天井、天牢、天罗、天陷、天隙,必亟去之,勿近也。
Country in which there are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, d
eep natural hollows, confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasse
s, should be left with all possible speed and not approached.
吾远之,敌近之;吾迎之,敌背之。
While we keep away from such places, we should get the enemy to approach them;
while we face them, we should let the enemy have them on his rear.
军旁有险阻、潢井、蒹葭、小林、□①荟者,必谨覆索之,此伏奸之所处也。
If in the neighborhood of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds s
urrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or woods with thi
ck undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out and searched; for these are
places where men in ambush or insidious spies are likely to be lurking.
敌近而静者,恃其险也;
When the enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is relying on the natura
l strength of his position.
远而挑战者,欲人之进也;
When he keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is anxious for the other
side to advance.
其所居易者,利也;
If his place of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.
众树动者,来也;众草多障者,疑也;
Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the enemy is advancing. The
appearance of a number of screens in the midst of thick grass means that the e
nemy wants to make us suspicious.
鸟起者,伏也;兽骇者,覆也;
The rising of birds in their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beas
ts indicate that a sudden attack is coming.
尘高而锐者,车来也;卑而广者,徒来也;散而条达者,樵采也;少而往来者,营军也;
When there is dust rising in a high column, it is the sign of chariots advanci
ng; when the dust is low, but spread over a wide area, it betokens the approac
h of infantry. When it branches out in different directions, it shows that par
ties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds of dust moving to and fr
o signify that the army is encamping.
辞卑而备者,进也;辞强而进驱者,退也;
Humble words and increased preparations are signs that the enemy is about to a
dvance. Violent language and driving forward as if to the attack are signs tha
t he will retreat.
轻车先出居其侧者,陈也;
When the light chariots come out first and take up a position on the wings, it
is a sign that the enemy is forming for battle.
无约而请和者,谋也;
Peace proposals unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot.
奔走而陈兵者,期也;
When there is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank, it means tha
t the critical moment has come.
半进半退者,诱也;
When some are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
杖而立者,饥也;
When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are faint from want of f
ood.
汲而先饮者,渴也;
If those who are sent to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is
suffering from thirst.
见利而不进者,劳也;
If the enemy sees an advantage to be gained and makes no effort to secure it,
the soldiers are exhausted.
鸟集者,虚也;夜呼者,恐也;
If birds gather on any spot, it is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervou
sness.
军扰者,将不重也;旌旗动者,乱也;吏怒者,倦也;
If there is disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If the b
anners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot. If the officers are ang
ry, it means that the men are weary.
杀马肉食者,军无粮也;悬□②不返其舍者,穷寇也;
When an army feeds its horses with grain and kills its cattle for food, and wh
en the men do not hang their cooking-pots over the camp-fires, showing that th
ey will not return to their tents, you may know that they are determined to fi
ght to the death.
谆谆□③□③,徐与人言者,失众也;
The sight of men whispering together in small knots or speaking in subdued ton
es points to disaffection amongst the rank and file.
数赏者,窘也;数罚者,困也;
Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is at the end of his resources; to
o many punishments betray a condition of dire distress.
先暴而后畏其众者,不精之至也;
To begin by bluster, but afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, sho
ws a supreme lack of intelligence.
来委谢者,欲休息也。
When envoys are sent with compliments in their mouths, it is a sign that the e
nemy wishes for a truce.
兵怒而相迎,久而不合,又不相去,必谨察之。
If the enemy's troops march up angrily and remain facing ours for a long time
without either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation is
one that demands great vigilance and circumspection.
兵非贵益多也,惟无武进,足以并力料敌取人而已。
If our troops are no more in number than the enemy, that is amply sufficient;
it only means that no direct attack can be made. What we can do is simply to c
oncentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on the enemy, and ob
tain reinforcements.
夫惟无虑而易敌者,必擒于人。
He who exercises no forethought but makes light of his opponents is sure to be
captured by them.
卒未亲而罚之,则不服,不服则难用。卒已亲附而罚不行,则不可用。
If soldiers are punished before they have grown attached to you, they will not
prove submissive; and, unless submissive, then will be practically useless. I
f, when the soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced
, they will still be unless.
故合之以文,齐之以武,是谓必取。
Therefore soldiers must be treated in the first instance with humanity, but ke
pt under control by means of iron discipline. This is a certain road to victor
y.
令素行以教其民,则民服;令素不行以教其民,则民不服。
If in training soldiers commands are habitually enforced, the army will be wel
l-disciplined; if not, its discipline will be bad.
令素行者,与众相得也。
If a general shows confidence in his men but always insists on his orders bein
g obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
【注:】①:“翳”加“艹”头。②:[垂瓦]。③:[讠翕]。
地形第十
X. Terrain
孙子曰:地形有通者、有挂者、有支者、有隘者、有险者、有远者。
Sun Tzu said: We may distinguish six kinds of terrain, to wit: (1) Accessible
ground; (2) entangling ground; (3) temporizing ground; (4) narrow passes; (5)
precipitous heights; (6) positions at a great distance from the enemy.
我可以往,彼可以来,曰通。
Ground which can be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible.
通形者,先居高阳,利粮道,以战则利。
With regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy in occupying the rai
sed and sunny spots, and carefully guard your line of supplies. Then you will
be able to fight with advantage.
可以往,难以返,曰挂。
Ground which can be abandoned but is hard to re-occupy is called entangling.
挂形者,敌无备,出而胜之,敌若有备,出而不胜,难以返,不利。
From a position of this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally forth
and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared for your coming, and you fail to
defeat him, then, return being impossible, disaster will ensue.
我出而不利,彼出而不利,曰支。
When the position is such that neither side will gain by making the first move
, it is called temporizing ground.
支形者,敌虽利我,我无出也,引而去之,令敌半出而击之利。
In a position of this sort, even though the enemy should offer us an attractiv
e bait, it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather to retreat, thus en
ticing the enemy in his turn; then, when part of his army has come out, we may
deliver our attack with advantage.
隘形者,我先居之,必盈之以待敌。
With regard to narrow passes, if you can occupy them first, let them be strong
ly garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy.
若敌先居之,盈而勿从,不盈而从之。
Should the army forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go after him if the
pass is fully garrisoned, but only if it is weakly garrisoned.
险形者,我先居之,必居高阳以待敌;
With regard to precipitous heights, if you are beforehand with your adversary,
you should occupy the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him to come
up.
若敌先居之,引而去之,勿从也。
If the enemy has occupied them before you, do not follow him, but retreat and
try to entice him away.
远形者,势均难以挑战,战而不利。
If you are situated at a great distance from the enemy, and the strength of th
e two armies is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle, and fighting will b
e to your disadvantage.
凡此六者,地之道也,将之至任,不可不察也。
These six are the principles connected with Earth. The general who has attaine
d a responsible post must be careful to study them.
凡兵有走者、有驰者、有陷者、有崩者、有乱者、有北者。凡此六者,非天地之灾,将之
过也。
Now an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising from natural cau
ses, but from faults for which the general is responsible. These are: (1) Flig
ht; (2) insubordination; (3) collapse; (4) ruin; (5) disorganization; (6) rout
.
夫势均,以一击十,曰走;
Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against another ten times
its size, the result will be the flight of the former.
卒强吏弱,曰驰;吏强卒弱,曰陷;
When the common soldiers are too strong and their officers too weak, the resul
t is insubordination. When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers
too weak, the result is collapse.
大吏怒而不服,遇敌怼而自战,将不知其能,曰崩;
When the higher officers are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy
give battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment, before the com
mander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is in a position to fight, the resul
t is ruin.
将弱不严,教道不明,吏卒无常,陈兵纵横,曰乱;
When the general is weak and without authority; when his orders are not clear
and distinct; when there are no fixes duties assigned to officers and men, and
the ranks are formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter diso
rganization.
将不能料敌,以少合众,以弱击强,兵无选锋,曰北。
When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows an inferior fo
rce to engage a larger one, or hurls a weak detachment against a powerful one,
and neglects to place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must be r
out.
凡此六者,败之道也,将之至任,不可不察也。
These are six ways of courting defeat, which must be carefully noted by the ge
neral who has attained a responsible post.
夫地形者,兵之助也。料敌制胜,计险隘远近,上将之道也。
The natural formation of the country is the soldier's best ally; but a power o
f estimating the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of shrew
dly calculating difficulties, dangers and distances, constitutes the test of a
great general
知此而用战者必胜,不知此而用战者必败。
He who knows these things, and in fighting puts his knowledge into practice, w
ill win his battles. He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely be
defeated.
故战道必胜,主曰无战,必战可也;战道不胜,主曰必战,无战可也。
If fighting is sure to result in victory, then you must fight, even though the
ruler forbid it; if fighting will not result in victory, then you must not fi
ght even at the ruler's bidding.
故进不求名,退不避罪,唯民是保,而利于主,国之宝也。
The general who advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing di
sgrace, whose only thought is to protect his country and do good service for h
is sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
视卒如婴儿,故可以与之赴深溪;视卒如爱子,故可与之俱死。
Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you into the deepe
st valleys; look upon them as your own beloved sons, and they will stand by yo
u even unto death.
厚而不能使,爱而不能令,乱而不能治,譬若骄子,不可用也。
If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to make your authority felt; kind-h
earted, but unable to enforce your commands; and incapable, moreover, of quell
ing disorder: then your soldiers must be likened to spoilt children; they are
useless for any practical purpose.
知吾卒之可以击,而不知敌之不可击,胜之半也;
If we know that our own men are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that
the enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敌之可击,而不知吾卒之不可以击,胜之半也;
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, but are unaware that our own men
are not in a condition to attack, we have gone only halfway towards victory.
知敌之可击,知吾卒之可以击,而不知地形之不可以战,胜之半也。
If we know that the enemy is open to attack, and also know that our men are in
a condition to attack, but are unaware that the nature of the ground makes fi
ghting impracticable, we have still gone only halfway towards victory.
故知兵者,动而不迷,举而不穷。
Hence the experienced soldier, once in motion, is never bewildered; once he ha
s broken camp, he is never at a loss.
故曰:知彼知己,胜乃不殆;知天知地,胜乃可全。
Hence the saying: If you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will n
ot stand in doubt; if you know Heaven and know Earth, you may make your victor
y complete.
九地第十一
XI. The Nine Situations
孙子曰:用兵之法,有散地,有轻地,有争地,有交地,有衢地,有重地,有泛地,有围
地,有
死地。
Sun Tzu said: The art of war recognizes nine varieties of ground: (1) Dispersi
ve ground; (2) facile ground; (3) contentious ground; (4) open ground; (5) gro
und of intersecting highways; (6) serious ground; (7) difficult ground; (8) he
mmed-in ground; (9) desperate ground.
诸侯自战其地者,为散地;
When a chieftain is fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground.
入人之地不深者,为轻地;
When he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance, it is
facile ground.
我得亦利,彼得亦利者,为争地;
Ground the possession of which imports great advantage to either side, is cont
entious ground.
我可以往,彼可以来者,为交地;
Ground on which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
诸侯之地三属,先至而得天下众者,为衢地;
Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so that he who occupies
it first has most of the Empire at his command, is a ground of intersecting h
ighways.
入人之地深,背城邑多者,为重地;
When an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country, leaving a num
ber of fortified cities in its rear, it is serious ground.
山林、险阻、沮泽,凡难行之道者,为泛地;
Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens--all country that is hard to
traverse: this is difficult ground.
所由入者隘,所从归者迂,彼寡可以击吾之众者,为围地;
Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which we can only reti
re by tortuous paths, so that a small number of the enemy would suffice to cru
sh a large body of our men: this is hemmed in ground.
疾战则存,不疾战则亡者,为死地。
Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction by fighting without dela
y, is desperate ground.
是故散地则无战,轻地则无止,争地则无攻,
On dispersive ground, therefore, fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On con
tentious ground, attack not.
交地则无绝,衢地则合交,
On open ground, do not try to block the enemy's way. On the ground of intersec
ting highways, join hands with your allies.
重地则掠,泛地则行,
On serious ground, gather in plunder. In difficult ground, keep steadily on th
e march.
围地则谋,死地则战。
On hemmed-in ground, resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight.
古之善用兵者,能使敌人前后不相及,众寡不相恃,贵贱不相救,上下不相收,
Those who were called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a wedge betwee
n the enemy's front and rear; to prevent co-operation between his large and sm
all divisions; to hinder the good troops from rescuing the bad, the officers f
rom rallying their men.
卒离而不集,兵合而不齐。
When the enemy's men were united, they managed to keep them in disorder.
合于利而动,不合于利而止。
When it was to their advantage, they made a forward move; when otherwise, they
stopped still.
敢问敌众而整将来,待之若何曰:先夺其所爱则听矣。
If asked how to cope with a great host of the enemy in orderly array and on th
e point of marching to the attack, I should say: "Begin by seizing something w
hich your opponent holds dear; then he will be amenable to your will."
兵之情主速,乘人之不及。由不虞之道,攻其所不戒也。
Rapidity is the essence of war: take advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, mak
e your way by unexpected routes, and attack unguarded spots.
凡为客之道,深入则专。主人不克,
The following are the principles to be observed by an invading force: The furt
her you penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity of your t
roops, and thus the defenders will not prevail against you.
掠于饶野,三军足食。
Make forays in fertile country in order to supply your army with food.
谨养而勿劳,并气积力,运兵计谋,为不可测。
Carefully study the well-being of your men, and do not overtax them. Concentra
te your energy and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the move
, and devise unfathomable plans.
投之无所往,死且不北。死焉不得,士人尽力。
Throw your soldiers into positions whence there is no escape, and they will pr
efer death to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing they may not a
chieve. Officers and men alike will put forth their uttermost strength.
兵士甚陷则不惧,无所往则固,深入则拘,不得已则斗。
Soldiers when in desperate straits lose the sense of fear. If there is no plac
e of refuge, they will stand firm. If they are in hostile country, they will s
how a stubborn front. If there is no help for it, they will fight hard.
是故其兵不修而戒,不求而得,不约而亲,不令而信,
Thus, without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly on the
qui vive; without waiting to be asked, they will do your will; without restric
tions, they will be faithful; without giving orders, they can be trusted.
禁祥去疑,至死无所之。
Prohibit the taking of omens, and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, unt
il death itself comes, no calamity need be feared.
吾士无余财,非恶货也;无余命,非恶寿也。
If our soldiers are not overburdened with money, it is not because they have a
distaste for riches; if their lives are not unduly long, it is not because th
ey are disinclined to longevity.
令发之日,士卒坐者涕沾襟,偃卧者涕交颐,投之无所往,诸、刿之勇也。
On the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers may weep, those sitti
ng up bedewing their garments, and those lying down letting the tears run down
their cheeks. But let them once be brought to bay, and they will display the
courage of a Chu or a Kuei.
故善用兵者,譬如率然。率然者,常山之蛇也。击其首则尾至,击其尾则首至,击其中则
首尾俱至。
The skillful tactician may be likened to the shuai-jan. Now the shuai-jan is a
snake that is found in the ChUng mountains. Strike at its head, and you will
be attacked by its tail; strike at its tail, and you will be attacked by its h
ead; strike at its middle, and you will be attacked by head and tail both.
敢问兵可使如率然乎?曰可。夫吴人与越人相恶也,当其同舟而济而遇风,其相救也如左
右手。
Asked if an army can be made to imitate the shuai-jan, I should answer, Yes. F
or the men of Wu and the men of Yueh are enemies; yet if they are crossing a r
iver in the same boat and are caught by a storm, they will come to each other'
s assistance just as the left hand helps the right.
是故方马埋轮,未足恃也;
Hence it is not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses, and the
burying of chariot wheels in the ground
齐勇如一,政之道也;
The principle on which to manage an army is to set up one standard of courage
which all must reach.
刚柔皆得,地之理也。
How to make the best of both strong and weak--that is a question involving the
proper use of ground.
故善用兵者,携手若使一人,不得已也。
Thus the skillful general conducts his army just as though he were leading a s
ingle man, willy-nilly, by the hand.
将军之事,静以幽,正以治,
It is the business of a general to be quiet and thus ensure secrecy; upright a
nd just, and thus maintain order.
能愚士卒之耳目,使之无知;
He must be able to mystify his officers and men by false reports and appearanc
es, and thus keep them in total ignorance.
易其事,革其谋,使人无识;易其居,迂其途,使民不得虑。
By altering his arrangements and changing his plans, he keeps the enemy withou
t definite knowledge. By shifting his camp and taking circuitous routes, he pr
events the enemy from anticipating his purpose.
帅与之期,如登高而去其梯;帅与之深入诸侯之地,而发其机。
At the critical moment, the leader of an army acts like one who has climbed up
a height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He carries his men deep i
nto hostile territory before he shows his hand.
若驱群羊,驱而往,驱而来,莫知所之。
He burns his boats and breaks his cooking-pots; like a shepherd driving a floc
k of sheep, he drives his men this way and that, and nothing knows whither he
is going.
聚三军之众,投之于险,此谓将军之事也。
To muster his host and bring it into danger:--this may be termed the business
of the general.
九地之变,屈伸之力,人情之理,不可不察也。
The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground; the expediency
of aggressive or defensive tactics; and the fundamental laws of human nature:
these are things that must most certainly be studied.
凡为客之道,深则专,浅则散。
When invading hostile territory, the general principle is, that penetrating de
eply brings cohesion; penetrating but a short way means dispersion.
去国越境而师者,绝地也;四彻者,衢地也;
When you leave your own country behind, and take your army across neighborhood
territory, you find yourself on critical ground. When there are means of comm
unication on all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
入深者,重地也;入浅者,轻地也;
When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground. When you penet
rate but a little way, it is facile ground.
背固前隘者,围地也;无所往者,死地也。
When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear, and narrow passes in front
, it is hemmed-in ground. When there is no place of refuge at all, it is despe
rate ground.
是故散地吾将一其志,轻地吾将使之属,
Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my men with unity of purpose.
On facile ground, I would see that there is close connection between all part
s of my army.
争地吾将趋其后,
On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
交地吾将谨其守,交地吾将固其结,衢地吾将谨其恃,
On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on my defenses. On ground of inter
secting highways, I would consolidate my alliances.
重地吾将继其食,泛地吾将进其途,
On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous stream of supplies. On d
ifficult ground, I would keep pushing on along the road.
围地吾将塞其阙,死地吾将示之以不活。
On hemmed-in ground, I would block any way of retreat. On desperate ground, I
would proclaim to my soldiers the hopelessness of saving their lives.
故兵之情:围则御,不得已则斗,过则从。
For it is the soldier's disposition to offer an obstinate resistance when surr
ounded, to fight hard when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when h
e has fallen into danger.
是故不知诸侯之谋者,不能预交;不知山林、险阻、沮泽之形者,不能行军;不用乡导,
不能得地利。
We cannot enter into alliance with neighboring princes until we are acquainted
with their designs. We are not fit to lead an army on the march unless we are
familiar with the face of the country--its mountains and forests, its pitfall
s and precipices, its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural a
dvantages to account unless we make use of local guides.
四五者,一不知,非霸王之兵也。
To be ignored of any one of the following four or five principles does not bef
it a warlike prince.
夫霸王之兵,伐大国,则其众不得聚;威加于敌,则其交不得合。
When a warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself i
n preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes his opponent
s, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
是故不争天下之交,不养天下之权,信己之私,威加于敌,则其城可拔,其国可隳。
Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all and sundry, nor does he fost
er the power of other states. He carries out his own secret designs, keeping h
is antagonists in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities and overthrow t
heir kingdoms.
施无法之赏,悬无政之令。犯三军之众,若使一人。
Bestow rewards without regard to rule, issue orders without regard to previous
arrangements; and you will be able to handle a whole army as though you had t
o do with but a single man.
犯之以事,勿告以言;犯之以害,勿告以利。
Confront your soldiers with the deed itself; never let them know your design.
When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes; but tell them nothing
when the situation is gloomy.
投之亡地然后存,陷之死地然后生。
Place your army in deadly peril, and it will survive; plunge it into desperate
straits, and it will come off in safety.
夫众陷于害,然后能为胜败。
For it is precisely when a force has fallen into harm's way that is capable of
striking a blow for victory.
故为兵之事,在顺详敌之意,
Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to the enemy
's purpose.
并敌一向,千里杀将,
By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank, we shall succeed in the long run
in killing the commander-in-chief.
是谓巧能成事。
This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
是故政举之日,夷关折符,无通其使,
On the day that you take up your command, block the frontier passes, destroy t
he official tallies, and stop the passage of all emissaries.
厉于廊庙之上,以诛其事。
Be stern in the council-chamber, so that you may control the situation.
敌人开阖,必亟入之,
If the enemy leaves a door open, you must rush in.
先其所爱,微与之期,
Forestall your opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive to
time his arrival on the ground.
践墨随敌,以决战事。
Walk in the path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy until
you can fight a decisive battle.
是故始如处女,敌人开户;后如脱兔,敌不及拒。
At first, then, exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives you an
opening; afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare, and it will be too
late for the enemy to oppose you.
火攻第十二
XII. The Attack by Fire
孙子曰:凡火攻有五:一曰火人,二曰火积,三曰火辎,四曰火库,五曰火队。
Sun Tzu said: There are five ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn
soldiers in their camp; the second is to burn stores; the third is to burn ba
ggage trains; the fourth is to burn arsenals and magazines; the fifth is to hu
rl dropping fire amongst the enemy.
行火必有因,因必素具。
In order to carry out an attack, we must have means available. The material fo
r raising fire should always be kept in readiness.
发火有时,起火有日。
There is a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special days for st
arting a conflagration.
时者,天之燥也。日者,月在箕、壁、翼、轸也。凡此四宿者,风起之日也。
The proper season is when the weather is very dry; the special days are those
when the moon is in the constellations of the Sieve, the Wall, the Wing or the
Cross-bar; for these four are all days of rising wind.
凡火攻,必因五火之变而应之:
In attacking with fire, one should be prepared to meet five possible developme
nts:
火发于内,则早应之于外;
(1) When fire breaks out inside to enemy's camp, respond at once with an attac
k from without.
火发而其兵静者,待而勿攻,
(2) If there is an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's soldiers remain quiet, bi
de your time and do not attack.
极其火力,可从而从之,不可从则上。
(3) When the force of the flames has reached its height, follow it up with an
attack, if that is practicable; if not, stay where you are.
火可发于外,无待于内,以时发之,
(4) If it is possible to make an assault with fire from without, do not wait f
or it to break out within, but deliver your attack at a favorable moment.
火发上风,无攻下风,
(5) When you start a fire, be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leewar
d.
昼风久,夜风止。
A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but a night breeze soon falls.
凡军必知五火之变,以数守之。
In every army, the five developments connected with fire must be known, the mo
vements of the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.
故以火佐攻者明,以水佐攻者强。
Hence those who use fire as an aid to the attack show intelligence; those who
use water as an aid to the attack gain an accession of strength.
水可以绝,不可以夺。
By means of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed of all his belo
ngings.
夫战胜攻取而不惰其功者凶,命曰“费留”。
Unhappy is the fate of one who tries to win his battles and succeed in his att
acks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise; for the result is waste of
time and general stagnation.
故曰:明主虑之,良将惰之,
Hence the saying: The enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead; the good ge
neral cultivates his resources.
非利不动,非得不用,非危不战。
Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unless there is some
thing to be gained; fight not unless the position is critical.
主不可以怒而兴师,将不可以愠而攻战。
No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen; no
general should fight a battle simply out of pique.
合于利而动,不合于利而上。
If it is to your advantage, make a forward move; if not, stay where you are.
怒可以复喜,愠可以复说,
Anger may in time change to gladness; vexation may be succeeded by content.
亡国不可以复存,死者不可以复生。
But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being; no
r can the dead ever be brought back to life.
故明主慎之,良将警之。此安国全军之道也。
Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general full of caution.
This is the way to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
用间第十三
XIII. The Use of Spies
孙子曰:凡兴师十万,出征千里,百姓之费,公家之奉,日费千金,内外骚动,怠于道路
,不得
操事者,七十万家。
Sun Tzu said: Raising a host of a hundred thousand men and marching them great
distances entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on the resources of th
e State. The daily expenditure will amount to a thousand ounces of silver. The
re will be commotion at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted on t
he highways. As many as seven hundred thousand families will be impeded in the
ir labor.
相守数年,以争一日之胜,而爱爵禄百金,不知敌之情者,不仁之至也,
Hostile armies may face each other for years, striving for the victory which i
s decided in a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance of the enemy'
s condition simply because one grudges the outlay of a hundred ounces of silve
r in honors and emoluments, is the height of inhumanity.
非民之将也,非主之佐也,非胜之主也。
One who acts thus is no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign, no ma
ster of victory.
故明君贤将所以动而胜人,成功出于众者,先知也。
Thus, what enables the wise sovereign and the good general to strike and conqu
er, and achieve things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge.
先知者,不可取于鬼神,不可象于事,不可验于度,
Now this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits; it cannot be obtained
inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation.
必取于人,知敌之情者也。
Knowledge of the enemy's dispositions can only be obtained from other men.
故用间有五:有因间,有内间,有反间,有死间,有生间。
Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes: (1) Local spies; (2) i
nward spies; (3) converted spies; (4) doomed spies; (5) surviving spies.
五间俱起,莫知其道,是谓神纪,人君之宝也。
When these five kinds of spy are all at work, none can discover the secret sys
tem. This is called "divine manipulation of the threads." It is the sovereign'
s most precious faculty.
乡间者,因其乡人而用之;
Having local spies means employing the services of the inhabitants of a distri
ct.
内间者,因其官人而用之;
Having inward spies, making use of officials of the enemy.
反间者,因其敌间而用之;
Having converted spies, getting hold of the enemy's spies and using them for o
ur own purposes.
死间者,为诳事于外,令吾闻知之而传于敌间也;
Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for purposes of deception, an
d allowing our spies to know of them and report them to the enemy.
生间者,反报也。
Surviving spies, finally, are those who bring back news from the enemy's camp.
故三军之事,莫亲于间,赏莫厚于间,事莫密于间,
Hence it is that which none in the whole army are more intimate relations to b
e maintained than with spies. None should be more liberally rewarded. In no ot
her business should greater secrecy be preserved.
非圣贤不能用间,
Spies cannot be usefully employed without a certain intuitive sagacity.
非仁义不能使间,
They cannot be properly managed without benevolence and straightforwardness.
非微妙不能得间之实。
Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one cannot make certain of the truth of thei
r reports.
微哉微哉!无所不用间也。
Be subtle! be subtle! and use your spies for every kind of business.
间事未发而先闻者,间与所告者兼死。
If a secret piece of news is divulged by a spy before the time is ripe, he mus
t be put to death together with the man to whom the secret was told.
凡军之所欲击,城之所欲攻,人之所欲杀,必先知其守将、左右、谒者、门者、舍人之姓
名,令吾间必索知之。
Whether the object be to crush an army, to storm a city, or to assassinate an
individual, it is always necessary to begin by finding out the names of the at
tendants, the aides-de-camp, and door-keepers and sentries of the general in c
ommand. Our spies must be commissioned to ascertain these.
敌间之来间我者,因而利之,导而舍之,故反间可得而用也;
The enemy's spies who have come to spy on us must be sought out, tempted with
bribes, led away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies
and available for our service.
因是而知之,故乡间、内间可得而使也;
It is through the information brought by the converted spy that we are able to
acquire and employ local and inward spies.
因是而知之,故死间为诳事,可使告敌;
It is owing to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed spy to car
ry false tidings to the enemy.
因是而知之,故生间可使如期。
Lastly, it is by his information that the surviving spy can be used on appoint
ed occasions.
五间之事,主必知之,知之必在于反间,故反间不可不厚也。
The end and aim of spying in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy;
and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance, from the conve
rted spy. Hence it is essential that the converted spy be treated with the utm
ost liberality.
昔殷之兴也,伊挚在夏;周之兴也,吕牙在殷。
Of old, the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to I Chih who had served under the
Hsia. Likewise, the rise of the Chou dynasty was due to Lu Ya who had served
under the Yin.
故明君贤将,能以上智为间者,必成大功。此兵之要,三军之所恃而动也。
Hence it is only the enlightened ruler and the wise general who will use the h
ighest intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby they achiev
e great results. Spies are a most important element in water, because on them
depends an army's ability to move.
--
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