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NAME
perlre - Perl regular expressions
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DESCRIPTION
This page describes the syntax of regular expressions in Perl. For a
description of how to actually use regular expressions in matching
operations, plus various examples of the same, see m// and s/// in the
perlop manpage .
The matching operations can have various modifiers, some of which relate to
the interpretation of the regular expression inside. These are:
i Do case-insensitive pattern matching.
m Treat string as multiple lines.
s Treat string as single line.
x Extend your pattern's legibilty with whitespace and comments.
These are usually written as ``the /x modifier'', even though the delimiter
in question might not actually be a slash. In fact, any of these modifiers
may also be embedded within the regular expression itself using the new
(?...) construct. See below.
The /x modifier itself needs a little more explanation. It tells the
regular expression parser to ignore whitespace that is not backslashed or
within a character class. You can use this to break up your regular
expression into (slightly) more readable parts. The # character is also
treated as a metacharacter introducing a comment, just as in ordinary Perl
code. Taken together, these features go a long way towards making Perl 5 a
readable language. See the C comment deletion code in the perlop manpage .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Regular Expressions
The patterns used in pattern matching are regular expressions such as those
supplied in the Version 8 regexp routines. (In fact, the routines are
derived (distantly) from Henry Spencer's freely redistributable
reimplementation of the V8 routines.) See Version 8 Regular Expressions for
details.
In particular the following metacharacters have their standard egrep-ish
meanings:
\ Quote the next metacharacter
^ Match the beginning of the line
. Match any character (except newline)
$ Match the end of the line
| Alternation
() Grouping
[] Character class
By default, the ``^'' character is guaranteed to match only at the
beginning of the string, the ``$'' character only at the end (or before the
newline at the end) and Perl does certain optimizations with the assumption
that the string contains only one line. Embedded newlines will not be
matched by ``^'' or ``$''. You may, however, wish to treat a string as a
multi-line buffer, such that the ``^'' will match after any newline within
the string, and ``$'' will match before any newline. At the cost of a
little more overhead, you can do this by using the /m modifier on the
pattern match operator. (Older programs did this by setting $* , but this
practice is deprecated in Perl 5.)
To facilitate multi-line substitutions, the ``.'' character never matches a
newline unless you use the /s modifier, which tells Perl to pretend the
string is a single line--even if it isn't. The /s modifier also overrides
the setting of $* , in case you have some (badly behaved) older code that
sets it in another module.
The following standard quantifiers are recognized:
* Match 0 or more times
+ Match 1 or more times
? Match 1 or 0 times
{n} Match exactly n times
{n,} Match at least n times
{n,m} Match at least n but not more than m times
(If a curly bracket occurs in any other context, it is treated as a regular
character.) The ``*'' modifier is equivalent to {0,}, the ``+'' modifier to
{1,}, and the ``?'' modifier to {0,1}. n and m are limited to integral
values less than 65536.
By default, a quantified subpattern is ``greedy'', that is, it will match
as many times as possible without causing the rest pattern not to match.
The standard quantifiers are all ``greedy'', in that they match as many
occurrences as possible (given a particular starting location) without
causing the pattern to fail. If you want it to match the minimum number of
times possible, follow the quantifier with a ``?'' after any of them. Note
that the meanings don't change, just the ``gravity'':
*? Match 0 or more times
+? Match 1 or more times
?? Match 0 or 1 time
{n}? Match exactly n times
{n,}? Match at least n times
{n,m}? Match at least n but not more than m times
Since patterns are processed as double quoted strings, the following also
work:
\t tab
\n newline
\r return
\f form feed
\v vertical tab, whatever that is
\a alarm (bell)
\e escape (think troff)
\033 octal char (think of a PDP-11)
\x1B hex char
\c[ control char
\l lowercase next char (think vi)
\u uppercase next char (think vi)
\L lowercase till \E (think vi)
\U uppercase till \E (think vi)
\E end case modification (think vi)
\Q quote regexp metacharacters till \E
In addition, Perl defines the following:
\w Match a "word" character (alphanumeric plus "_")
\W Match a non-word character
\s Match a whitespace character
\S Match a non-whitespace character
\d Match a digit character
\D Match a non-digit character
Note that \w matches a single alphanumeric character, not a whole word. To
match a word you'd need to say \w+. You may use \w, \W, \s, \S, \d and \D
within character classes (though not as either end of a range).
Perl defines the following zero-width assertions:
\b Match a word boundary
\B Match a non-(word boundary)
\A Match only at beginning of string
\Z Match only at end of string
\G Match only where previous m//g left off
A word boundary (\b) is defined as a spot between two characters that has a
\w on one side of it and and a \W on the other side of it (in either
order), counting the imaginary characters off the beginning and end of the
string as matching a \W. (Within character classes \b represents backspace
rather than a word boundary.) The \A and \Z are just like ``^'' and ``$''
except that they won't match multiple times when the /m modifier is used,
while ``^'' and ``$'' will match at every internal line boundary.
When the bracketing construct ( ... ) is used, \<digit> matches the
digit'th substring. Outside of the pattern, always use ``$'' instead of
``\'' in front of the digit. (The \<digit> notation can on rare occasion
work outside the current pattern, this should not be relied upon. See the
WARNING below.) The scope of $<digit> (and $` , $&, and $') extends to the
end of the enclosing BLOCK or eval string, or to the next successful
pattern match, whichever comes first. If you want to use parentheses to
delimit subpattern (e.g. a set of alternatives) without saving it as a
subpattern, follow the ( with a ?.
You may have as many parentheses as you wish. If you have more than 9
substrings, the variables $10, $11, ... refer to the corresponding
substring. Within the pattern, \10, \11, etc. refer back to substrings if
there have been at least that many left parens before the backreference.
Otherwise (for backward compatibilty) \10 is the same as \010, a backspace,
and \11 the same as \011, a tab. And so on. (\1 through \9 are always
backreferences.)
$+ returns whatever the last bracket match matched. $& returns the entire
matched string. ( $0 used to return the same thing, but not any more.) $`
returns everything before the matched string. $' returns everything after
the matched string. Examples:
s/^([^ ]*) *([^ ]*)/$2 $1/; # swap first two words
if (/Time: (..):(..):(..)/) {
$hours = $1;
$minutes = $2;
$seconds = $3;
}
You will note that all backslashed metacharacters in Perl are alphanumeric,
such as \b, \w, \n. Unlike some other regular expression languages, there
are no backslashed symbols that aren't alphanumeric. So anything that looks
like \\, \(, \), \<, \>, \{, or \} is always interpreted as a literal
character, not a metacharacter. This makes it simple to quote a string that
you want to use for a pattern but that you are afraid might contain
metacharacters. Simply quote all the non-alphanumeric characters:
$pattern =~ s/(\W)/\\$1/g;
You can also use the built-in quotemeta() function to do this. An even
easier way to quote metacharacters right in the match operator is to say
/$unquoted\Q$quoted\E$unquoted/
Perl 5 defines a consistent extension syntax for regular expressions. The
syntax is a pair of parens with a question mark as the first thing within
the parens (this was a syntax error in Perl 4). The character after the
question mark gives the function of the extension. Several extensions are
already supported:
(?#text)
A comment. The text is ignored. If the /x switch is used to enable
whitespace formatting, a simple # will suffice.
(?:regexp)
This groups things like ``()'' but doesn't make backrefences like
``()'' does. So
split(/\b(?:a|b|c)\b/)
is like
split(/\b(a|b|c)\b/)
but doesn't spit out extra fields.
(?=regexp)
A zero-width positive lookahead assertion. For example, /\w+(?=\t)/
matches a word followed by a tab, without including the tab in $&.
(?!regexp)
A zero-width negative lookahead assertion. For example /foo(?!bar)/
matches any occurrence of ``foo'' that isn't followed by ``bar''. Note
however that lookahead and lookbehind are NOT the same thing. You
cannot use this for lookbehind: /(?!foo)bar/ will not find an
occurrence of ``bar'' that is preceded by something which is not
``foo''. That's because the (?!foo) is just saying that the next thing
cannot be ``foo''--and it's not, it's a ``bar'', so ``foobar'' will
match. You would have to do something like /(?foo)...bar/ for that. We
say ``like'' because there's the case of your ``bar'' not having three
characters before it. You could cover that this way:
/(?:(?!foo)...|^..?)bar/. Sometimes it's still easier just to say:
if (/foo/ && $` =~ /bar$/)
(?imsx)
One or more embedded pattern-match modifiers. This is particularly
useful for patterns that are specified in a table somewhere, some of
which want to be case sensitive, and some of which don't. The case
insensitive ones merely need to include (?i) at the front of the
pattern. For example:
$pattern = "foobar";
if ( /$pattern/i )
# more flexible:
$pattern = "(?i)foobar";
if ( /$pattern/ )
The specific choice of question mark for this and the new minimal.matching
construct was because 1) question mark is pretty rare in older regular
expressions, and 2) whenever you see one, you should stop and ``question''
exactly what is going on. That's psychology...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Version 8 Regular Expressions
In case you're not familiar with the ``regular'' Version 8 regexp routines,
here are the pattern-matching rules not described above.
Any single character matches itself, unless it is a metacharacter with a
special meaning described here or above. You can cause characters which
normally function as metacharacters to be interpreted literally by
prefixing them with a ``\'' (e.g. ``\.'' matches a ``.'', not any
character; ``\\'' matches a ``\''). A series of characters matches that
series of characters in the target string, so the pattern blurfl would
match ``blurfl'' in the target string.
You can specify a character class, by enclosing a list of characters in [],
which will match any one of the characters in the list. If the first
character after the ``['' is ``^'', the class matches any character not in
the list. Within a list, the ``-'' character is used to specify a range, so
that a-z represents all the characters between ``a'' and ``z'', inclusive.
Characters may be specified using a metacharacter syntax much like that
used in C: ``\n'' matches a newline, ``\t'' a tab, ``\r'' a carriage
return, ``\f'' a form feed, etc. More generally, \nnn, where nnn is a
string of octal digits, matches the character whose ASCII value is nnn.
Similarly, \xnn, where nn are hexidecimal digits, matches the character
whose ASCII value is nn. The expression \cx matches the ASCII character
control-x. Finally, the ``.'' metacharacter matches any character except
``\n'' (unless you use /s).
You can specify a series of alternatives for a pattern using ``|'' to
separate them, so that fee|fie|foe will match any of ``fee'', ``fie'', or
``foe'' in the target string (as would f(e|i|o)e). Note that the first
alternative includes everything from the last pattern delimiter (``('',
``['', or the beginning of the pattern) up to the first ``|'', and the last
alternative contains everything from the last ``|'' to the next pattern
delimiter. For this reason, it's common practice to include alternatives in
parentheses, to minimize confusion about where they start and end. Note
however that ``|'' is interpreted as a literal with square brackets, so if
you write [fee|fie|foe] you're really only matching [feio|].
Within a pattern, you may designate subpatterns for later reference by
enclosing them in parentheses, and you may refer back to the nth subpattern
later in the pattern using the metacharacter \n. Subpatterns are numbered
based on the left to right order of their opening parenthesis. Note that a
backreference matches whatever actually matched the subpattern in the
string being examined, not the rules for that subpattern. Therefore,
(0|0x)\d*\s\1\d* will match ``0x1234 0x4321'',but not ``0x1234 01234'',
since subpattern 1 actually matched ``0x'', even though the rule 0|0x could
potentially match the leading 0 in the second number.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
WARNING on \1 vs $1
Some people get too used to writing things like
$pattern =~ s/(\W)/\\\1/g;
This is grandfathered for the RHS of a substitute to avoid shocking the sed
addicts, but it's a dirty habit to get into. That's because in PerlThink,
the right-hand side of a s/// is a double-quoted string. \1 in the usual
double-quoted string means a control-A. The customary Unix meaning of \1 is
kludged in for s/// . However, if you get into the habit of doing that, you
get yourself into trouble if you then add an /e modifier.
s/(\d+)/ \1 + 1 /eg;
Or if you try to do
s/(\d+)/\1000/;
You can't disambiguate that by saying \{1}000, whereas you can fix it with
${1}000. Basically, the operation of interpolation should not be confused
with the operation of matching a backreference. Certainly they mean two
different things on the left side of the s/// .
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